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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing theUMI World’s Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8824495 Gender relations and the suburbanization of clerical work England, Kim V. L., Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by England, Kim V. L. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identif ied here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or ______pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or _______print 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original _______copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides _______of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages _ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in________ sp in e 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct_______ print 11. Page(s)____________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other UMI GENDER RELATIONS AND THE SUBURBANIZATION OF CLERICAL WORK DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By KIM V.L. ENGLAND, B.A.(Hons), M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Kevin R. Cox Lawrence A. Brown W. Randy Smith Kevin R. Cox, /(dviser Department of Geography Copyright by KIM V.L. ENGLAND 1988 DEDICATION For Florence England and George Forster and Muriel England and Stan England ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I wish to thank my parents, whose love and support have sustained me and brought me to this point. For the last six years they have encouraged me from afar. As a result of their efforts I have been the first person in my extended family to go to university, although I very much doubt that they expected me to be at university for a few months shy of a decade (however their bank account can verify this). I am grateful to my parents for giving me things they never had and encouraging me to take opportunities they wish they had had, and for always let­ ting me know that they are there for me. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Kevin Cox, my advisor, who has taught me many things: how to read, write, and think like a professional social scien­ tist. I admire Kevin for his tireless enthusiasm for research and his remarkable dedication to his students. I consider myself lucky to have been a recipient of this ded­ ication in the last six years. Special thanks go to Larry Brown for seeing potential in me at a time when few others did. He has helped me to build my self-confidence, to believe in myself and take myself seriously. It was Larry who put me on the road to Feminist Geography, assuring me that my personal qualities were valid for research purposes. For these gifts I am grateful. I would also like to thank Randy Smith, who has been involved with my progress and research for most of my career at Ohio State. Randy's insights into my research and sustaining encouragement will always be remembered with great fondness. The financial support of the Geography Department is much appreciated. I am grateful to the Urban Affairs and Urban Assistance Program, which funded the grant on which this dissertation is based. And I want to thank the Center for Women's Studies for not only allowing me the privilege of teaching introductory classes in Women's Studies, but even paying me for it too. I am deeply grateful to the twenty-eight women who took time out of their busy lives in order to share their experiences with me. Their conversations with me, excerpts of which appear in this dissertation, were both enriching and inspiring. Equally, I want to thank the ten personnel managers whom I interviewed for their important insights into the "real world" of my "concrete" research. - iv - Dissertation writing and research are often difficult tasks, but they would have been a good deal more difficult for me without the following people in Geography: Frank Borgers, Paul Burke, Ayse Can, Alan Edmonds, Elena Kambit- si, Vicky Lawson, Kavita Pandit, Monica Short, Darlene Wil­ cox, Enid Wray and Jenny Zorn. And from Women's Studies: Mary Margaret Fonow, Susan Hartmann, and Clare Robertson. My sanity has remained almost intact because of my rela­ tionships with some wonderful women: Christine Hodgkinson, my first true woman friend (after my mother); Kim Kaplan, kindred spirit and source of so much strength during some of my "darkest hours"; Lisa Mutschler, witty and intelli­ gent, brightening many dull moments; Sue Roberts, fellow geographer and friend since our undergraduate years togeth­ er; and a special man: Michael Dayton, a constant source of relief and happiness in the last three years. Michael has always helped me realize that there is indeed more to life than Geography, Women's Studies and my dissertation. Last and by no means least I wish to thank Frank Borgers and Kmel for their love, support and understanding over the last couple of years and particularly in the last few months. While one of them has remained a silent critic of my work, the other has not and his input into my research and life have been truely irreplaceable. - v - VITA February 16, 1960 ........ Born, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. 1981 ....................... B.A. (Honours), Combined Arts (Geography, Sociology, History and Art History) University of Leicester, Leicester, England. 1982 ....................... P.G.C.E. (Post-Graduate Certificate of Education) Geography, School of Education, University of Leicester, England. 1984 ....................... M.A., Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1982-1986 ................. Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1986-1987 ................. Graduate Research Associate, Urban Affairs and Urban and Urban Assistance Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1987-1988 ................. Graduate Teaching Associate, Center for Women's Studies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. PUBLICATIONS "The Practical Adequacy of 'METHOD IN SOCIAL SCIENCE'" ANTIPODE, 1986: 240-254 (with A. Jonas and A. Mair). "Education and Residence in Historical Perspective", - vi - 1988, forthcoming (with K. R. Cox). "Location, Social Categories and Labor Force Experiences in Developing Economies: The Venezuelan Case" THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, 1988, (with L. A. Brown and A. R. Goetz). "The Employment of Suburban Women in Ohio" GEO-SPECTRUM, 6, 1986: 6-8. "Gender, Location, and Human Resource Experiences in Developing Economies: The Venezuelan Case" Discussion Paper Number 32, in STUDIES ON THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION IN THIRD WORLD SETTINGS, DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES, Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1986 (with L. A. Brown and A. R. Goetz). "Education and Residential Utility, 1940-1980" GEO-SPECTRUM, 4, 1984: 7-8. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Social Theory and Geography Studies in Social Theory and Geography: Professor Cox. Studies in Urban Geography: Professors Cox, L. A. Brown, and Smith. Studies in Development: Professor L. A. Brown. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE D e d i c a t i o n ................................................. ii Acknowledgements ...................................iii VITA ............................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .............................................ix LIST OF T A B L E S ..............................................x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1 1.1 Women's Paid Employment Since the Second World War ........................ 5 1.2 Feminist Analysis and Feminist G e o g r a p h y ......................... 12 1.3 The Social Theory and Geography M o v e m e n t ............................14 1.4 Organization of this Dissertation . 19 II. THE LITERATURE: QUESTIONS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE . 22 2.1 Introduction.........................22 2.2 Patriarchy and C a p i t a l i s m ......... 23 2.2.1 The Debate .......................... 24 2.2.2 Gender Division of Labor within the Labor Force ................ 30 2.2.3 Gender Division of Labor within the Household ........... ..... 38 - viii - 2.3. Patriarchy and Capitalism in Historical Perspective ............... 45 2.3.1 The Changing Character of M o t h e r h o o d ........................... 46 2.3.2 Women in "Non-Traditional" H o u s e h o l d s ..........................