infrastructure multisector transparency stakeholders forecast s energy poverty housing growth accountability future capacity t floods training information procurement framework villages support trends program theme integration investment t health farm output communication equity nonsovereign public government l macroeconomic consultation projec resilience impact collaboration safeguards gran outcome strategy population emerging transport olar s community rura successful t land trade s equitability development socioeconomic guarantee por Pacific sovereign schools region road displacement partnership skills s industry reform catalyst Asia change effectiveness gender cofinancing progress policy k e result technology potential oversight water mission cities rail operations ficiency better connectivity contribution finance valu budget knowledge ef potential governance people ban stronger education climate HANDBOOK OF goals transformation STYLE and government USAGE jobs 2017 EDITION microfinance employment audit economy livelihood convergence n cooperation sustainability loan environment inclusiveness urba agriculture faster assistance ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK HANDBOOK OF STYLE and USAGE 2017 EDITION ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK If language is not correct, then what is said is not what is meant; if what is said is not what is meant, then what ought to be done remains undone… —Confucius Contents Sources of ADB Style .................................................................................................. ix Clear Writing ................................................................................................................ x Abbreviations............................................................................................................... 1 When and How to Abbreviate ............................................................................... 1 Abbreviations List ................................................................................................. 2 Abbreviations That Should Be Treated as Names of Organizations ..................... 2 Abbreviations That Should Not Be Spelled Out .................................................... 3 ADB Abbreviations ................................................................................................ 4 ADB Member Names ............................................................................................ 4 Ampersands in Abbreviations ............................................................................... 4 Articles and Abbreviations .................................................................................... 5 Boxes .................................................................................................................... 6 Capitalization ........................................................................................................ 6 Education Degrees ............................................................................................... 7 Figures .................................................................................................................. 7 Five-Year Plans ..................................................................................................... 7 Footnotes .............................................................................................................. 7 Governments ........................................................................................................ 8 Headings and Titles .............................................................................................. 8 Non-English Terms ................................................................................................ 8 Plurals ................................................................................................................... 9 Possessives .......................................................................................................... 9 Punctuation ........................................................................................................... 10 Quarters ................................................................................................................ 10 Special Drawing Rights ......................................................................................... 11 Tables ................................................................................................................... 11 Technical Assistance ............................................................................................. 12 Two-Letter Abbreviations ...................................................................................... 12 ADB Member Names ................................................................................................... 13 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 13 Lists ...................................................................................................................... 13 Plural Names ........................................................................................................ 14 Adjectives..................................................................................................................... 14 Nouns Used as Adjectives .................................................................................... 14 “Sector” ................................................................................................................. 15 Appendixes .................................................................................................................. 15 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 15 Citing in Text ......................................................................................................... 16 Headings ............................................................................................................... 16 iii Page Numbering ................................................................................................... 16 Paragraph Numbering .......................................................................................... 17 Supplementary Material ........................................................................................ 17 Tables and Figures ............................................................................................... 17 Title ....................................................................................................................... 17 Articles ......................................................................................................................... 17 Boxes ............................................................................................................................ 18 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 18 Format .................................................................................................................. 18 Labeling ................................................................................................................ 18 Length ................................................................................................................... 19 Notes and Explanatory Material ............................................................................ 19 Tables and Figures ............................................................................................... 19 Brand Names ............................................................................................................... 19 Capitalization ............................................................................................................... 20 ADB Organizational Terms .................................................................................... 20 Common Terms Used in ADB ............................................................................... 20 Constitutions ......................................................................................................... 23 Education Degrees ............................................................................................... 23 Ethnic Groups ....................................................................................................... 23 Geographic Names ............................................................................................... 24 Government .......................................................................................................... 25 Meetings, Conferences, and Forums .................................................................... 25 Ministries, Departments, and Other Government Bodies ..................................... 26 Missions ................................................................................................................ 27 Organizations ........................................................................................................ 27 Parts of a Document or Publication ...................................................................... 28 Plans, Policies, Strategies, and Laws ................................................................... 28 Professional Titles ................................................................................................. 31 Projects, Programs, Components, and Outputs ..................................................