Time and Identity edited by Joseph Keim Campbell, Michael O’Rourke, and Harry S. Silverstein A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or informa- tion storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email [email protected] . edu or write to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cam- bridge, MA 02142. This book was set in Stone and Stone Sans by Westchester Book Group. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Time and identity / edited by Joseph Keim Campbell, Michael O’Rourke, and Harry S. Silverstein. p. cm.—(Topics in contemporary philosophy) “A Bradford book.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01409-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-262-51397-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Time. 2. Identity (Philosophical concept). 3. Self (Philosophy). 4. Death. I. Campbell, Joseph Keim, 1958–. II. O’Rourke, Michael, 1963–. III. Silverstein, Harry, 1942–. BD638.T5437 2010 115—dc22 2009041935 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Index Abelard, Peter, 20 Awareness, judgmental, 32–33, 44 Action(s), 5, 15, 90, 149–150, 152–157, Ayers, Michael, 195 161, 232, 236–237, 239, 241–242, 244–246, 303, 313 Bach, Kent, 126 executable, 232, 237, 239, 244 Bacon, John, 146 normally self-effecting, 232, 236, Baker, Lynne Rudder, 44, 188 239 Barresi, John, 19 responsibility for, 5, 15, 90, 149–150, Bayle, Pierre, 179 152–157, 313 Bennett, Jonathan, 16, 170, 179, 204 Actualism, 13, 97–102, 105–107, Bergmann, Michael, 97 108 Bigelow, John, 95, 280 predicate, 98, 108 Black, Max, 19 property, 13, 97–102, 107, 108 Blanchette, Patricia, 45 world, 99–102, 105–107 Bodies, 5, 165–166, 168–169, 172, 175, Agency, 17–18, 151–152, 160, 221, 176, 178, 180, ch. 9 passim , 222, 237 245–246, 303 Bonnen, Clarence, 179 centers of, 17–18, 245–246 Borges, Jorge, 238 Alston, William, 204 Boundary, 79–81, 91, 202, 206, 212, Ambiguity, 86, 116–125, 225 220–225, 226, 285–286 Anscombe, G. E. M., 17, 209–210, 212, Bradley, Ben, 279, 280, 284, 287, 220, 224, 225 288–291, 292, 293–294, 295 Apresjan, Juri, 116 Brandt, Richard, 266 Aquinas, Thomas, 173, 180 Broad, C. D., 43 Aristotle, 19, 20, 50–51, 54, 56–57, Broome, John, 258, 266 59–60, 62–64, 67, 72, 74, 312 B-series, 2–3, 11, 27–34, 41–44 Armstrong, David, 146 Burman, Frans, 173–174 Arnauld, Antoine, 165–166, 172–173, Butler, Joseph, 5, 21 176 Bykvist, Kryster, 265, 266 A-series, 2–3, 11, 27–34, 41–44 Auden, W. H., 27 Campbell, John, 280 Augustine of Hippo, 1 Carter, William, 66–68, 74, 75, 195 324 Index Castañeda, Hector-Neri, 230–233 Dennett, Daniel, 22, 223 Chalmers, David, 189 Descartes, René, 8, 10, 15–16, 17, ch. 8 Change, 2–3, 7–9, 10, 13–14, 16, 28, passim , 209–210, 216, 220, 222, 224, 39–40, 42, 45, ch. 2 passim , 105, 106, 225 ch. 5 passim , 136, 165–166, 169–170, Desgabets, Robert, 180 171, 178, 188–189, 197, 200, 204, Designation, 98–99, 101, 108 258, 263, 313–314, 318 Desires, 18, 193–194, 239, 241–242, Cambridge/relational, 73, 258, 263 243, 244, 245–246, ch. 12 passim Chesterfi eld, Lord/4th Earl of (Philip Desire theory. See Welfare, desire Stanhope), 249, 254–255 satisfaction account/theory of Chierchia, Gennaro, 91 Determinism/indeterminism, 43, 90, Chisholm, Roderick, 20, 82, 95, 197 162 Clapp, Lenny, 119 Domain, the, 35–39 Clarke, Randolph, 161 Draper, Kai, 279, 280 Class, 58–66, 69, 74, 98–99, 101 Duplication, 10, 20, 100–102, 105, 106, master, 58–66, 74 107, 141, 192, 314, 316–317. See also membership, 58–66, 69, 74, 98–99, Fission 101 Cogito argument, ch. 10 passim Earman, John, 21 Common ground, 13, 79–83, 85–90, Edwards, Johnathan, 176–177, 179 91, 92 Ehring, Douglas, 146 Conditionals, subjunctive, 82–83, 91 Einstein, Albert, 12 Consciousness, 5, 155–157, 190. See also Endurantism, 9, 14, 126, 150, 162, 179. Self-consciousness See also Three-dimensionalism Contextualism, 12–13, ch. 3 passim , Epicurean view. See Death, evil/badness 120–122, 127, 215 of, Epicurean view Continuants, 14, 15, 92, 150–151, 156, Epicurus, 18, 19, 254, 264, 271, 274, 210, 216, 218, 220 279, 283–284 Coreference, 6, 13, 113, 118, 120, 213, Essence, individual, 16, 95, 170–175, 215 180, 181 Craig, William Lane, 43, 162 Eternalism, 3–4, 9, 11–12, 18, 21, 27, 29, Crimmins, Mark, 241 34–35, 39–41, 43, 44, 45, ch. 2 Crisp, Oliver, 179 passim , ch. 13 passim. See also Crisp, Thomas, 19, 43, 97 Four-dimensionalism Evans, Gareth, 212, 217, 219, 225, 226 David, Marian, 45 Events, 2–3, 11, 28, 31, 32, 41, 44, 45, Davidson, Matthew, 97 52, 73, 92, 130, 135, 136, 143, 146, Death, evil/badness of, 18–19, 192–193, 221, 262–263, 272–275, 300–301, 254, 264, chs. 13–15 passim 303, 304 Epicurean view (EV), 18–19, 254, 264, Every Harm Is a Living State principle 271, 274, 279, 283–284 (EHILS), 303, 304–306 time of, chs. 13–14 passim Every Harm Needs a Condition Demonstratives, 119, 211–212 principle (EHNAC), 305–306 Index 325 Evils/harms, 18–19, 249–250, 257, 259, vs. three-dimensional (3D) frame- 264, 265, chs. 13–15 passim work, 285–287, 290 deprivation, of, 274–275 vs. zero-dimensional (0D) framework, posthumous, 18–19, 257, 259, 264, 285–287, 290 265, chs. 13–15 passim Four-dimensionalism, or the 4D view, prenatal, 290–291 9, 14, 20, 55, 104, 129, 130–131, 141, recipients of (“evil/bad for”), 18–19, 142–143, 144, 145, 147, 152, 179, 201, chs. 13–15 passim 271, 277, 279, 284–287, 289, 290, time of, chs. 13–14 passim 292–293, 294, 295. See also Eternal- timeless/atemporal, 273–274, 277, ch. ism; Perdurantism 14 passim Four-dimensional objects, 150, Existence, 7–8, 11–12, 20, 28, 34–42, 152–158 44, 45, ch. 2 passim , 95–98, 102, 106, Fowler, Gregory, 161 107, 108, 130, 133, 142–143, 167, Freedom, 11, 12, 79, 86–89, 90 173–175, 177, 178, 180, 181, 186, paradox, 79, 86–89 192–197, 202, 205, 209–210, 218, time-traveler, 79, 86–89 220–222, 224–225, 274–275, Frege, Gottlob, 20, 124, 198, 210, 212, 285–286 224, 225, 239 -at-t , 34–42, 45, ch. 2 passim , 205 Fusion, 21, 194, 203, 260 eminent, 174–175, 181 formal, 173–175, 180, 181 Gale, Richard, 43 objective, 173–175 Gassendi, Pierre, 167, 177, 180 simpliciter , 34–42, 45, 66–69, 75 Geach, Peter, 198 Gibbard, Allan, 199 Fatalism, 12, 43, 79, 84–86 Ginet, Carl, 79, 90 Feelings, causes of vs. objects of, Glannon, Walter, 151–152, 161 271–273, 284, 292–293 Gödel, Kurt, 12, 21 Feinberg, Joel, 259–260, 265, 301, 302, Goldman, Alvin, 299 307 Goodman, Nelson, 82 Feit, Neil, 279 Goods/benefi ts, 18, 19, 194, ch. 12 Feldman, Fred, 279, 280, 287–288, 294 passim , 272, 274, 275, 283, 290, 292, Fine, Kit, 97, 99–100, 101 294, 300–301, 303–304 First-person memory. See Memory, posthumous, 257–264, 283, 290, 292, fi rst-person 294, 303–304 Fission, or fi ssion problem, 10, 14, 21, recipients of (“good for”), 19, ch. 12 141, 143, 147, 192–194, 203–204, 223, passim , 272, 274, 275, 283, 290, 292, 260, 317 294, 300–301, 303–304 Flage, Daniel, 179 time of, 257–264 Fodor, Jerry, 118 Grandfather paradox, 12–13, 80–81, Forbes, Graham, 97, 108 83, 86–87, 88–89 Four-dimensional (4D) framework, Grey, William, 279 277, 284–287, 289, 290, 292–293, Grover, Dorothy, 303 294, 295 Grünbaum, Adolf, 32, 33, 43, 44 326 Index Haksar, Vinit, 153, 158, 159, 161 Indifference (as “middle” or “zero” Hanley, Richard, 298 value between good and bad), Harman, Gilbert, 280 275–276, 279, 289–290, 294–295 Haslanger, Sally, 161 Individuals, past, 95, 97, 104–105, 106, Hawley, Katherine, 20, 161 107 Hawthorne, John, 1, 19 Heller, Mark, 161 Jackendoff, Ray, 127 Helm, Paul, 177, 179 Jackson, Frank, 189 Heraclitus, 7, 12, 49–50, 52, 73 James, William, 212–213, 222, 224, Hestevold, H. Scott, 66–68, 74, 75 225, 226 Hinchliff, Mark, 21, 97, 108, 109 Janernig, Anja, 44 Hobbes, Thomas, 20 Johansson, Jens, 279 Hudson, Hud, 97 Johnson, Samuel, 249, 254–255 Hume, David, 10, 170, 179, 200, 221, 229, 242 Kant, Immanuel, 212, 217, 229, 299 Kaplan, David, 30, 211 ‘I’, 16–17, 171–173, 175, 180, 197–203, Katz, Jerrold, 126 204, 205–206, 210–213, 216–219, Keller, Simon, 21, 108, 265 220–221, 223–224, 236–237 Kim, Jaegwon, 45, 136, 146, 298 -elimination, 236–237 Knowledge, 17, 172, 174, 181, 189, -introduction/addition, 236–237 195–196, 198, 199, 200, 209–210, -thoughts, 16–17, 197–198, 210, 216, 212, 214–216, 217, 223, 221, 224–225, 220–221, 224 226, 230–232, 233–239, 240, 242 Ideas, 173, 174, 177, 196, 204, 214, from the inside, 216, 221, 233–234 216–218, 220, 239, 241–242 from a perspective, 234–239, 240 Identity, ch. 1 passim , 98–99, 101, self-, 17, 172, 198, 199, 200, 209–210, 102–105, chs.