THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACE ENFORCEMENT MISSIONS IN THE PROMOTION OF PEACE IN AFRICA: A CASE OF AMISOM (2007-2019) HALANE AREA BY ESTER NINSHABA 2017/AUG/MIRD/M221542/WKD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY OF NKUMBA UNIVERSITY OCTOBER 2019 DECLARATION I, ESTER NINSHABA, do hereby declare that this research is my original work and has never been presented to any other institution for the award of any certificate. ESTER NINSHABA i APPROVAL This is to certify that this dissertation on “The Effectiveness of Peace enforcement Missions in the Promotion of Peace in Africa” (A Case of AMISOM 2007-2019), was under my supervision and is ready for submission to the academic board of Nkumba University. MR. SSEBUNYA ROBERT (Supervisor) ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the Almighty God, whom I owe everything that I am! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I acknowledge my supervisor Mr. Ssebunya Robert, for his good leadership skills and guidance in this research work. I appreciate all staff of Nkumba University especially; Mr. Barenzi M. George; Dr. Solomon Asiimwe, for his enormous help and academic advices, and Mr. Amos Kalusuku for his kindness and helpfulness. I acknowledge my fellow course mates for their co-operation and helpful efforts rendered to each other during discussion periods and throughout the entire course. A significant debt is due to the generous interviewees and organizations who agreed to be interviewed and gave valuable information and insights to the researcher. I thank my family for encouraging me in all of my pursuits and inspiring me to follow my dreams. I am especially grateful to my mother Jovia Nzarombi who has supported me emotionally and financially and my late father Frank Nzarombi who believed in me most. My Aunt Maj. Night Ikiriza Mugume, thank you for every smallest way you pitched in. This Journey and my educational pursuits would still be a dream without the help of the Ugandan State House scholarship. I am forever grateful. My heartfelt gratitude goes to Gen. David Muhoozi Rubakuba, Maj. Gen Steven Sabiiti Muzeyi, and Lt-Gen Charles Lutaaya for enabling me to do this work. Thank you for your kindness. Any views and comments on this work may be addressed to the author. The author takes responsibility for any errors and omissions. TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xii ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS.............................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 1 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Historical Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Theoretical Background ......................................................................................................... 8 1.1.3 Conceptual Background ....................................................................................................... 17 1.1.4 Contextual Background .................................................................................................. 26 1.2 Statement of the Problem. .................................................................................................. 31 1.3 Main Objective of the Study .............................................................................................. 32 1.4 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................ 32 1.5 Research Questions ............................................................................................................ 32 v 1.6.1 Content Scope ................................................................................................................ 33 1.6.3 Geographical Scope ............................................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 35 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 35 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 35 2.1 Theoretical Review ................................................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 57 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 57 3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 57 3.1 Study Approach ...................................................................................................................... 57 3.2 Study Design ........................................................................................................................... 57 3.3 Study Area .............................................................................................................................. 58 3.4 Study Population ..................................................................................................................... 58 3.5 Sampling Strategy ................................................................................................................... 59 3.5.1 Sample Size .......................................................................................................................... 59 3.6 Data collection methods .......................................................................................................... 61 3.6.1. Primary data ........................................................................................................................ 61 3.6.1.1 Questionnaire method ................................................................................................. 61 vi 3.6.1.2 Interviews ................................................................................................................... 62 3.6.1.3 Focused Group Discussions........................................................................................ 62 3.6.2 Secondary data ..................................................................................................................... 62 3.6.2.1 Document Review ...................................................................................................... 62 3.7 Data collection Instruments .................................................................................................... 63 3.7.1 Self-administered Questionnaires ........................................................................................ 63 3.7.2 Interview guide .................................................................................................................... 63 3.7.3 Focused Group Discussion guide......................................................................................... 63 3.7.4 Documentary review checklist ............................................................................................. 64 3.8 Data quality control................................................................................................................. 64 3.8.1 Validity ................................................................................................................................ 64 3.8.2 Reliability ............................................................................................................................. 64 3.9 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................................