University of Dundee DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Marine Invasive Species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve Keith, Inti Award date: 2016 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 Marine Invasive Species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve By Inti Keith Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University of Dundee United Kingdom January 2016 ii iii Table of contents Table of contents.................................................................................................................. iii List of figures ..........................................................................................................................vi List of tables ............................................................................................................................ix Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................x Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................xi Declaration...........................................................................................................................xiii Abstract ................................................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1:..................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Research context......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims of the research .................................................................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Objectives of the research ...................................................................................................4 1.3 Chapter overview........................................................................................................................ 5 1.3.1 Chapter summaries ................................................................................................................6 Chapter 2:..................................................................................................................................8 Literature Review – Marine Invasive Species and the Galapagos Marine Reserve ......................................................................................................................................8 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Biological invasions..................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Invasive species – introduction, establishment, dispersal.........................................11 2.3.1 Understanding invasive species ....................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Process of invasion ................................................................................................................. 13 2.4 Vectors and pathways ..............................................................................................................16 2.5 Marine traffic ...............................................................................................................................18 2.5.1 Past and present marine traffic in the Galapagos Islands ................................... 20 2.6 Climate change and climate variability..............................................................................22 2.6.1 Currents and ENSO events in the Galapagos Islands ............................................. 24 2.7 Ocean circulation and connectivity.....................................................................................27 2.8 Marine invasive species worldwide....................................................................................29 2.9 Danger of invasion.....................................................................................................................31 2.10 Marine non-native species established in the GMR ...................................................32 2.11 Potential non-native species for the GMR......................................................................33 2.12 Management and risk assessments..................................................................................43 Chapter 3:............................................................................................................................... 45 Establishing baseline inventory of non-native species for the GMR................. 45 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................45 3.2 Historical monitoring systems in the GMR .....................................................................45 3.3 Methodology ...............................................................................................................................47 3.3.1 Subtidal monitoring ............................................................................................................... 47 iv 3.3.2 Port monitoring ....................................................................................................................... 49 3.3.3 Protective bays and mangrove monitoring ................................................................ 51 3.3.4 Settlement plates ..................................................................................................................... 51 3.4 Results for Non-Native Species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve .........................53 3.4.1 Marine survey results ........................................................................................................... 56 3.4.2 Settlement panels .................................................................................................................... 57 3.4.3 Fact sheets of non-native species found in the GMR .............................................. 59 3.5 Distribution of non-natives species in the GMR.............................................................68 3.6 Non-native species behaviour in the GMR ......................................................................68 3.7 Discussion....................................................................................................................................73 Chapter 4:............................................................................................................................... 76 Marine Traffic: an anthropogenic vector for the translocation of non-native marine species to the GMR............................................................................................... 76 4.1Introduction ..................................................................................................................................76 4.2Marine traffic data.......................................................................................................................76 4.3National marine traffic traveling to the GMR ...................................................................77 4.4International marine traffic traveling to the GMR..........................................................82 4.5Local marine traffic in the GMR.............................................................................................85 4.6 Risk assessment for marine traffic arriving in the GMR and the consequences of introducing biofouling organisms .................................................................................88 4.6.1 Likelihood and consequences of a non-native species arrival .......................... 90 4.6.2 Measuring the consequence of marine non-native species arrival ................. 92 4.7Discussion ......................................................................................................................................93 Chapter 5:............................................................................................................................... 98 Natural Vectors – Secondary spread ............................................................................ 98 5.1Introduction ..................................................................................................................................98 5.2Natural dispersion vectors for transport of non-native species