Aksara Jawa dari Wikipedia bahasa Inggris Contents 1 Tentang Aksara Jawa dan bahasa Jawa 1 1.1 Javanese script ............................................. 1 1.1.1 Characteristics ........................................ 1 1.1.2 History ............................................ 1 1.1.3 Aksara ............................................ 2 1.1.4 Additional Aksara ....................................... 3 1.1.5 Sandhangan .......................................... 3 1.1.6 Numerals ........................................... 3 1.1.7 Punctuation .......................................... 3 1.1.8 Collation ........................................... 3 1.1.9 Sanskrit Usage ........................................ 3 1.1.10 Sundanese Usage ....................................... 3 1.1.11 Balinese Usage ........................................ 3 1.1.12 Indonesian and English Transcription into Javanese ..................... 4 1.1.13 Font .............................................. 4 1.1.14 Unicode ........................................... 4 1.1.15 Gallery ............................................ 4 1.1.16 References .......................................... 5 1.1.17 External links ......................................... 5 1.2 Javanese language ........................................... 6 1.2.1 Speakers ........................................... 6 1.2.2 Phonology .......................................... 6 1.2.3 Morphology ......................................... 6 1.2.4 Syntax ............................................ 7 1.2.5 Vocabulary .......................................... 7 1.2.6 Registers ........................................... 7 1.2.7 Dialects of modern Javanese ................................. 8 1.2.8 History ............................................ 11 1.2.9 Javanese script ........................................ 12 1.2.10 Demographic distribution of Javanese speakers ....................... 12 1.2.11 Javanese today ........................................ 13 1.2.12 Words ............................................ 13 i ii CONTENTS 1.2.13 Numbers ........................................... 14 1.2.14 See also ............................................ 14 1.2.15 Notes ............................................. 14 1.2.16 Sources ............................................ 15 1.2.17 Further reading ........................................ 15 1.2.18 External links ......................................... 16 1.3 Pegon alphabet ............................................ 16 1.3.1 References .......................................... 16 1.4 Jawi alphabet ............................................. 16 1.4.1 Etymology .......................................... 17 1.4.2 Early history ......................................... 17 1.4.3 The spread and extent of Jawi script ............................. 17 1.4.4 Jawi today ........................................... 18 1.4.5 Letters ............................................ 18 1.4.6 Examples ........................................... 18 1.4.7 Gallery ............................................ 18 1.4.8 See also ............................................ 19 1.4.9 References .......................................... 19 1.4.10 Further reading ........................................ 20 1.4.11 External links ......................................... 20 1.5 Old Javanese .............................................. 20 1.5.1 Development ......................................... 20 1.5.2 Old Javanese literature .................................... 21 1.5.3 References .......................................... 21 1.5.4 Further reading ........................................ 21 1.5.5 See also ............................................ 21 1.6 Javanese literature ........................................... 21 1.6.1 Overview ........................................... 21 1.6.2 References .......................................... 24 1.6.3 Bibliography ......................................... 24 1.6.4 Further reading ........................................ 24 1.7 Javanese name ............................................. 24 1.7.1 See also ............................................ 25 1.7.2 External links ......................................... 25 1.8 Javanese numerals ........................................... 25 1.8.1 See also ............................................ 25 1.9 Javanese historical texts ........................................ 25 1.9.1 Babads ............................................ 25 1.9.2 Kakawin and kidung ..................................... 26 1.9.3 See also ............................................ 26 1.10 Javanese poetry ............................................ 26 CONTENTS iii 1.10.1 Sekar ageng .......................................... 26 1.10.2 Sekar madya and tembang macapat .............................. 26 1.10.3 Notes ............................................. 27 1.10.4 References .......................................... 27 2 Aksara-Aksara 28 2.1 Ha (Javanese) ............................................. 28 2.1.1 Pasangan ........................................... 28 2.1.2 Extended form ........................................ 28 2.1.3 Final consonant ........................................ 28 2.1.4 Glyphs ............................................ 28 2.1.5 Orthography ......................................... 28 2.1.6 References .......................................... 29 2.1.7 See also ............................................ 29 2.2 Na (Javanese) ............................................. 29 2.2.1 Pasangan ........................................... 29 2.2.2 Murda ............................................ 29 2.2.3 Glyphs ............................................ 29 2.2.4 References .......................................... 29 2.2.5 See also ............................................ 29 2.3 Ca (Javanese) ............................................. 29 2.3.1 Pasangan ........................................... 29 2.3.2 Murda ............................................ 29 2.3.3 Glyphs ............................................ 29 2.3.4 References .......................................... 29 2.3.5 See also ............................................ 29 2.4 Ra (Javanese) ............................................. 29 2.4.1 Pasangan ........................................... 29 2.4.2 Murda ............................................ 29 2.4.3 Final consonant ........................................ 30 2.4.4 Glyphs ............................................ 30 2.4.5 References .......................................... 30 2.4.6 See also ............................................ 30 2.5 Ka (Javanese) ............................................. 30 2.5.1 Pasangan ........................................... 30 2.5.2 Extended form ........................................ 30 2.5.3 Glyphs ............................................ 30 2.5.4 References .......................................... 30 2.5.5 See also ............................................ 30 2.6 Da (Javanese) ............................................. 30 2.6.1 Pasangan ........................................... 30 2.6.2 Extended form ........................................ 30 iv CONTENTS 2.6.3 Glyphs ............................................ 30 2.6.4 References .......................................... 30 2.6.5 See also ............................................ 31 2.7 Ta (Javanese) ............................................. 31 2.7.1 Pasangan ........................................... 31 2.7.2 Murda ............................................ 31 2.7.3 Glyphs ............................................ 31 2.7.4 References .......................................... 31 2.7.5 See also ............................................ 31 2.8 Sa (Javanese) ............................................. 31 2.8.1 Pasangan ........................................... 31 2.8.2 Extended form ........................................ 31 2.8.3 Glyphs ............................................ 31 2.8.4 References .......................................... 31 2.8.5 See also ............................................ 31 2.9 Wa (Javanese) ............................................. 31 2.9.1 Pasangan ........................................... 31 2.9.2 Extended form ........................................ 32 2.9.3 Glyphs ............................................ 32 2.9.4 References .......................................... 32 2.9.5 See also ............................................ 32 2.10 La (Javanese) ............................................. 32 2.10.1 Pasangan ........................................... 32 2.10.2 Murda ............................................ 32 2.10.3 Glyphs ............................................ 32 2.10.4 References .......................................... 32 2.10.5 See also ............................................ 32 2.11 Pa (Javanese) ............................................. 32 2.11.1 Pasangan ........................................... 32 2.11.2 Extended form ........................................ 32 2.11.3 Glyphs ............................................ 32 2.11.4 References .......................................... 32 2.11.5 See also ............................................ 32 2.12 Dha (Javanese) ............................................ 33 2.12.1 Pasangan ........................................... 33 2.12.2 Murda ...........................................