OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Entomology OSUE Master Gardeners Mahoning County Class of 2017 Bill Snyder April 4, 2017 MG Note: Entomology: The study of Insects Although the manual chapter is enKtled “Entomology and Pest Management,” it introduces many non-insect organisms in a somewhat confusing fashion. We will briefly look at Mollusks and than move on to Arthropods. Mollusca Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda (squid and octopus) Class: Gastropoda (snails and slugs) Snail Slug External Shell Internal Shell Arthropodology: The study of Arthropods Entomology: The study of Insects We will get the non-insects out of the way quickly and concentrate on Entomology. An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek meaning "jointed feet"), and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Sub Phylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca AquaKc: Lobster, Crab and Shrimp Crab Shrimp Lobster Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Sub Phylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca AquaKc: Lobster, Crab and Shrimp Terrestrial: Pillbug and Sowbug Pillbug Sowbug Seven Pairs of Legs Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Class: Chilopoda (cenKpedes) one pair of legs per segment fast moving consume insects will bite, but not considered dangerous prefer damp condiKons Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) slow moving two pairs of legs per segment consume fungi will not bite roll into a ball for defense prefer damp condiKons Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Class: Arachnidia Order: Pseudoscorpiones (Pseudoscorpions) Order: Opiliones (Daddy-Longlegs) Order: Acari (Mites) Order: Araneae (Spiders) Bodies divided into 2 regions 4 pair of walking legs Simple eyes when present No antennae No wings Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Class: Arachnidia Order: Pseudoscorpiones (Pseudoscorpions) Order: Opiliones (Daddy-Longlegs) Pedipalp Pseudoscorpion Daddy-longlegs Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Class: Arachnidia Order: Acari (Mites) Mites can be carnivorous (feeding on insects and other mites), herbivorous (feeding on plant material), saprophyDc (feeding on dead organic maber) or parasiDc (feeding on the blood of a host). The two-spobed spider mite abacks nearly all greenhouse plants as well as outdoor flowers and many vegetables and fruits. Eriophyid mites are plant parasites that penetrate plant cells and suck up the cellular contents. This feeding causes plants to deform their Kssue forming Galls. Galls are specific responses to plant parasite feeding. Eriophyid Mite Galls Spindle Gall: Maple Bladder Gall Maple and Linden ParasiKc Mites include Ticks and Chiggers Newly Hatched young, called a larva, have only three pairs of legs. Deer Tick Lyme Disease (bacterial/Dck vector) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Class: Arachnidia Order: Araneae (Spiders) Pedipalp Bodies divided into 2 regions 4 pair of walking legs Simple eyes - oden mulKple No antennae Cephalothorax No wings Abdomen Wolf Spider Here’s looking at you Poisonous Spiders in Ohio Brown Recluse Spider Poisonous Spiders in Ohio Black Widow Spider Cool Spiders into our PPDC (plant and pest diagnosKc clinic) Both are Orb Weaver Spiders Phyla of the Animal Kingdom (Insects are a very successful group) Why are insects so successful? Insect Power Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) – Under ideal condiKons, can produce 25 generaDons a year. Each generaKon, the female will lay up to 100 eggs, half developing into males and half into females. Suppose we start with a pair of flies and allow them to increase under ideal condiKons, with no checks on increase, for a single year First GeneraKon (2) Second GeneraKon (100) … Third GeneraKon (5000) At the end of the year: Twenty-fidh GeneraKon will contain 119,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 flies 119,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 flies If this many flies were packed Kghtly together, 1000 to a cubic inch . 1,000 Fruit Flies . they would form a large ball of flies. Size of the Fruit Fly Ball? Earth 7,926 miles in diameter Earth is 7,926 miles in diameter 110 Kmes Sun 865,000 miles in diameter (110 Dmes the diameter of the Earth) Sun is 865,000 miles in diameter Fruit fly Ball 110 Kmes 96,000,000 miles in diameter (110 Dmes the diameter of the Sun) (the approximate distance between the earth and the sun) Insect Diverse Environments AdapKng to numerous habitats Tropics Rainforests Subtropics Deserts Stenocara beetle Namib Desert < 0.4 inch rain/year Insect Diverse Environments AdapKng to numerous habitats Tropics Rainforests Subtropics Deserts Temperate Regions Old growth forests Tundra Mountains AquaKc Freshwater, stagnant and brackish Insects: Fun Facts Of the nearly 100,000 insect species in the United States, only about 600 species are considered pests. 0.6 % are considered pests 99.4 % are not harmful or are even beneficial. Insects: Fun Facts Insects are thought to have been here more than 300 million years. 1.5 million species have been named. 1.5-3 million more species yet to be discovered and named. 10 million species may exist. At any moment there are 10 quinKllion insects on earth. 10,000,000,000,000,000,000 Insects: The Down Side 20% of all crops are eaten by insects TradiKonal diseases carried by insects (insects as vectors): Bubonic Plague (flea/bacterial) Typhus (louse/bacterial) Yellow Fever (mosquito/viral) Malaria (mosquito/protozoan) Today in the U.S. Zika Virus, West Nile Virus, Eastern Equine EncephaliKs (Virus) and Heartworm (parasiKc roundworm) (all mosquitoes) Plant DestrucKon: Dutch Elm Disease (Elm Bark Beetle (vector fungi)), Gypsy Moth, Emerald Ash Borer and Asian Long-horned Beetle Insect Benefits Products: Dyes, Natural Medicines, Oils, Waxes, Silk and Honey PollinaKon (European Honey Bee) Biological Controls: Parasites (Wasps and Flies) Tomato Hornworm Pupae from Braconid Wasp 2011 Canfield Fair Master Gardener Display Tomato Hornworm Tomato Hornworm & Braconid Wasp Pupae Queasy Alert! hbps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs (Z)-3-Hexenol Neighboring Plants detect absorb and convert Tomato Cutworm Toxic to Cutworms Insect Benefits (conKnued) Biological Controls: Parasites (Wasps and Flies) Predators (True Bugs, Beetles, Flies, Green Lacewings, Praying ManKs, etc.) Decomposers Food for many organisms Adults can eat as many as 50 aphids a day Convergent lady beetle eating aphids Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot” animals) Class: Hexapoda or Insecta (Insects) Most adult insects have the following characterisKcs: A body divided into three parts (head, thorax and abdomen) Three pairs of legs Usually one pair of antennae and a pair of compound eyes (a few excepKons to these characterisKcs are found) Usually two pairs of wings (absent in many insects such as lice, fleas and wingless ants; flies have one pair of wings) .