Piney Creek Watershed Plan i Piney Creek Watershed Plan Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... ii Appendices .................................................................................................................................................... v Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ v Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... vi Photos ........................................................................................................................................................... vi Acronyms and Abbreviations List .............................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ ix 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 10 1.2 Background ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.1 History ................................................................................................................................. 13 1.2.2 Geology ............................................................................................................................... 14 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Hinton Formation ............................................................................................................................ 15 Princeton Sandstone ........................................................................................................................ 15 Bluestone Formation ....................................................................................................................... 15 Pocahontas and New River Formations .......................................................................................... 16 1.2.3 Landuse ............................................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Plan Development ....................................................................................................................... 18 2.0 Pollutant Impairments ..................................................................................................................... 20 3.0 Pollutant Sources ............................................................................................................................ 22 3.1 Fecal Coliform Nonpoint Sources ............................................................................................... 22 3.1.1 On-Site Treatment Systems ................................................................................................ 22 3.1.2 Urban/Residential Runoff ................................................................................................... 25 3.1.3 Agriculture .......................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.4 Natural Background (Wildlife) ........................................................................................... 26 3.2 Metals Nonpoint Sources ............................................................................................................ 27 3.2.1 Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) ......................................................................................... 27 3.2.2 Bond Forfeiture Sites .......................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Iron and Sediment Nonpoint Sources ......................................................................................... 31 3.3.1 Forestry ............................................................................................................................... 31 ii Piney Creek Watershed Plan 3.3.2 Oil and Gas ......................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Roads ................................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.4 Agriculture .......................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.5 Streambank Erosion ............................................................................................................ 31 3.3.6 Other Land-Disturbance Activities ..................................................................................... 32 3.3.7 Background Iron Conditions ............................................................................................... 34 3.4 Fecal Coliform Bacteria Point Sources ....................................................................................... 34 3.4.1 Individual NPDES Permits ................................................................................................. 37 3.4.2 Sewer Leaks and Overflows ............................................................................................... 37 3.4.3 General Sewage Permits ..................................................................................................... 41 3.5 Metals Point Sources ................................................................................................................... 41 3.5.1 Mining Point Sources .......................................................................................................... 44 3.5.2 Industrial Stormwater (Non-Mining) Point Sources ........................................................... 44 3.5.3 Construction Stormwater Permits ....................................................................................... 44 3.6 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) .................................................................... 46 4.0 Required Load Reductions .............................................................................................................. 51 4.1 Fecal Coliform TMDL Load Reductions .................................................................................... 51 4.1.1 Pasture/Cropland Load Reductions .................................................................................... 53 4.1.2 Failing Septic Load Reductions ............................................................................................ 53 4.1.3 Residential Fecal Coliform Load Reductions ....................................................................... 55 4.1.4 MS4 Residential Fecal Coliform Load Reductions ............................................................... 56 4.2 Metals TMDL Load Reductions ................................................................................................. 57 4.2.1 Aluminum Load Reductions ................................................................................................ 59 4.2.2 Iron Load Reductions .......................................................................................................... 59 4.2.3 Stream Bank Erosion Reductions ........................................................................................ 66 5.0 Proposed Management Measures .................................................................................................... 68 5.1 Public Outreach and Education ................................................................................................... 69 5.2 Permit Enforcement .................................................................................................................... 69 5.3 Green Design Projects: Rain Gardens and Porous Pavement ..................................................... 69 5.4 Public Sewer Line Extensions..................................................................................................... 69 5.5 Decentralized/Cluster Sewer Systems ........................................................................................ 69 5.6 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Treatment Systems ....................................................................... 70 iii Piney Creek Watershed Plan 5.7 Constructed Treatment Wetlands ................................................................................................ 70 5.8 Stream Restoration ...................................................................................................................... 70 5.9 Best Management Practices ........................................................................................................ 70 6.0 Estimated Load Reductions and Cost ............................................................................................. 77 6.1 Fecal Coliform ............................................................................................................................ 81