Generic Pest Risk Analysis Import of Transgenic Soybean Editors V Celia Chalam Shashi Bhalla Kavita Gupta Baleshwar Singh Z Khan SC Dubey ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi 110 012, India Citation: V Celia Chalam, Shashi Bhalla, Kavita Gupta, Baleshwar Singh, Z Khan and SC Dubey (Eds) 2016 Generic Pest Risk Analysis: Import of Transgenic Soybean. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India, 146 p. Published in 2016 ©All Rights Reserved ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi 110 012, India Published by: The Director ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi 110012, India. Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in Contents Introduction 1 Table 1. Potential Quarantine Pests of Soybean for India 3 References 126 Glossary 143 Acronyms and Abbreviations 144 Other Useful References 146 Introduction Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the major oilseed crop in the world accounting for nearly 50% of total oilseeds acreage as well as production. It provides approximately 60% of vegetable protein and 30% of oil in the world. Soybean ranks second in vegetable oil economy of India after groundnut. Soybean is primarily utilized as a source of protein and oil. Soybean seed contains 20% oil and 40-42% quality protein. Soybean is grown in 92.99 m ha in the world to produce 221.5 m tonnes in 2006. USA tops the list in soybean acreage and production. The other major soybean-producing countries are Brazil, China, Argentina, Indonesia, Canada, Paraguay and Italy. India with 8.88 m ha of soybean-growing area and 10.97 m tonnes production ranks fifth in the world during 2007-08. It contributes 30-37% to India’s oilseeds production (Anonymous, 2009). Given its nutritional and health benefits, soybean has been gaining more prominence the world over more so, with the advent of transgenic crops. Transgenic soybean is being grown in 11 countries viz., USA, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Paraguay, South Africa, Uruguay, Bolivia, Mexico, Chile and Costa Rica (James, 2011). The crop is susceptible to infection by several pests, which substantially reduce yield and quality. The ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) is the nodal agency in India for management of plant genetic resources and quarantine processing of imported germplasm including that of transgenics for research purposes. Soybean germplasm including transgenics in the form of true seed is imported into India every year for crop improvement programmes. The seed not only serves as a source of valuable genes useful for crop improvement, but also as a reservoir of many seed-borne and seed-transmitted pests. Therefore, the exchange of germplasm for crop improvement programmes has the inherent risk of introducing new pests or their virulent races/ biotypes into the country. Globally there are several instances of plant disease epidemics due to movement of infected seed/other planting material. There are new records that suggest that soybean pests are moving from one area/region to another. Peronospora manshurica was reported from France by Signoret et al. (1975) and from Iran by Zad (1979). Soybean rust, Phakopsora pachyrhizi was first reported from Argentina in 2003. Like-wise, there are several new regional records of soybean pests in different parts of USA, viz. Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines (sudden death syndrome) in Minnesota, Bean pod mottle virus in soybean in Alabama, Soybean dwarf virus and Cercospora sojina (frogeye leaf spot) in Wisconsin. Records from India include P. pachyrhizi in Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh. At ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi, adopting a workable strategy several quarantine pests viz., Peronospora manshurica, Bean mild mosaic virus, Bean pod mottle virus, Cherry leaf roll virus, Cowpea severe mosaic virus, Pea enation mosaic virus, Peanut stunt virus, Raspberry ring spot virus and Tomato ring spot virus have been intercepted in soybean germplasm imported from many countries. In addition, interceptions have also been made of viruses like Arabis mosaic virus, Grapevine fan leaf virus, Tomato black ring virus not reported from India on soybean (Khetarpal et al., 2006; Chalam and Khetarpal, 2008; Chalam et al., 2008; Chalam et al., 2014; Chalam 2016; Parakh et al., 2005, 2008). P. manshurica, a quarantine pest was intercepted in soybean including transgenic soybean from many countries (Agarwal et al., 2006a, 2006b; Agarwal and Singh, 1998; Singh et al., 2002, 2003; Khetarpal et al., 2005). It is therefore, mandatory to pay attention to the prescribed regulations to avoid the introduction of these quarantine pests into the country. The appropriate phytosanitary measures should be adopted accordingly to facilitate safe import of planting material. The Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, under WTO, requires member countries to have uniform phytosanitary standards. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) has developed International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) and so far 37 standards have been brought out. Of these, the guidelines for the pest risk analysis (PRA) are given in ISPM-2, ISPM-11 and ISPM-21. The preparation of PRA is divided into three stages viz., initiation, risk assessment and risk management. A PRA should be fully documented in the event of a review or dispute. In fact, the first step is very crucial to start a PRA and requires both a list of pests reported to occur and a list of those not known to occur in the country. ICAR-NBPGR has been empowered under the Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order 2003 of the Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914 to undertake quarantine of germplasm including transgenics under exchange. The Division of Plant Quarantine in the ICAR-NBPGR has brought out publications on the potential quarantine pests (PQPs) for India in cereals (Dev et al., 2005), grain legumes (Chalam et al., 2012) and edible oilseeds (Gupta et al., 2013). In this context an attempt has been made here to prepare a document on the PQPs of soybean. Various parameters taken into account for compilation are: pests, their synonym(s), disease caused or the common name, pathway of introduction, host range, geographical distribution, economic impact and phytosanitary risk involved. The information has been collected from various sources including the Crop Protection Compendium (CAB International, 2007). PQPs were short-listed based on one or more of the facts that these pests are: (i) not reported from India, (ii) having limited distribution, (iii) present in India on other crops but not on grain legumes and (iv) having physiological races. This data has been linked with the pests listed under the Schedule VI of Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order, 2003. The Schedule VI of the Order deals with plant/ plant material permitted for import with additional declarations and special conditions. Ninety six pests (34 insects, three mites, four nematodes, 18 fungi, six bacteria, 14 viruses and 17 weed species) are listed as the PQPs for India in soybean (Table 1). Out of these, three viruses are not known to infect legumes including soybean in India and a bacteria is known to have races world-wide. Ninety two pests (34 insects, three mites, four nematodes, 18 fungi, five bacteria, 11 viruses and 17 weed species) are not reported to occur in India. Once introduced and established, these pests or their virulent races/ strains/ biotypes can cause severe damage to agriculture. Compilation of data on pests of quarantine significance, their global distribution and other aspects related to biology, survival and spread of these pests are essential components of risk analysis to meet international regulations. However, it may be noted that, this compilation is based on published literature and the non-availability of published literature should not be interpreted as absence of a pest in a country. This publication would, thus, facilitate smooth functioning of quarantine, benefit scientists while issuing import permit stating additional declarations required for import in addition to supplementing information for analyzing pest risk. Therefore, it is hoped that this publication would serve as a ready reckoner for the benefit of researchers, quarantine officials, students, seed certification agencies and others entrusted with the task of safe trade and exchange of germplasm of soybean including transgenics. 2 Table 1. Potential Quarantine Pests of Soybean for India S. No. Scientific Name Common Pathway of Host Range Geographical Remarks Synonyms Name Introduction Distribution Insects and Mites 1. *Acalymma vittatum Striped Seed, as Brassica oleracea, Canada, Mexico, Oviposition occurs in (Fabricius) cucumber contaminant Citrullus lanatus, USA soil near base of beetle Cucumis melo, plant. Larvae feed on Synonyms C. sativus, the roots and stem Acalymma vittata Cucurbita spp., (York, 1992). (Fabricius), C. argyrosperma, Cistela melanocephala C. maxima, Vector of Erwinia Fabricius, C. moschata, tracheiphila causing Crioceris vittata C. pepo, Glycine bacterial wilt of Fabricius, max, Helianthus cucurbits. It also Cryptocephalus (Cistela) annuus, Ligustrum transmits Cucumber americanus Gmelin, spp., Solidago mosaic virus and C. (Crioceris) stolatus spp., Taraxacum Cowpea mosaic virus Gmelin, officinale, Urtica (CAB International, Diabrotica dioica, Zea mays 2007). melanocephala (Fabricius), D. vittatae (Fabricius), Galleruca (Diabrotica) americana (Gmelin), G. cucumeris 3 Melsheimer,