Zero Order Draft Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) Chapter 5 Hydropower Second Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) Chapter: 5 Title: Hydropower (Sub)Section: All Author(s): CLAs: Arun Kumar, Tormod A. Schei LAs: Alfred K. Ofosu Ahenkorah, Jesus Rodolfo Caceres, Jean-Michel Devernay, Marcos Freitas, Douglas G. Hall, Ånund Killingtveit, Zhiyu Liu CAs: Emmanuel Branche, Karin Seelos Remarks: Second Order Draft Version: 01 File name: SRREN_Draft2_Ch05 Date: 16-Jun-10 19:02 Time-zone: CET Template Version: 9 1 2 COMMENTS ON TEXT BY TSU TO REVIEWER: 3 Yellow highlighted – original chapter text to which comments are referenced 4 Turquoise highlighted – inserted comment text from Authors or TSU i.e. [AUTHOR/TSU: ….] 5 Chapter 5 has been allocated a maximum of 68 (with a mean of 51) pages in the SRREN. The actual 6 chapter length (excluding references & cover page) is 71 pages: a total of 3 pages over the 7 maximum (20 over the mean, respectively). All chapters should aim for the mean number allocated, 8 if any. Expert reviewers are therefore kindly asked to indicate where the Chapter could be shortened 9 by up to 20 pages in terms of text and/or figures and tables to reach the mean length. 10 11 All monetary values provided in this document will need to be adjusted for inflation/deflation and 12 converted to US$ for the base year 2005. 13 Do Not Cite or Quote 1 of 78 Chapter 5 SRREN_Draft2_Ch05 Second Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 Chapter 5: Hydropower 2 CONTENTS 3 Chapter 5: Hydropower ....................................................................................................................2 4 CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................................2 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................4 6 5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................6 7 5.1.1 Source of energy.........................................................................................................6 8 5.1.2 History of hydropower development..........................................................................6 9 5.1.3 Classification of hydropower projects........................................................................7 10 5.1.4 Multipurpose projects.................................................................................................8 11 5.1.5 Maturity of technology...............................................................................................8 12 5.1.6 Policy..........................................................................................................................9 13 5.2 Resource potential..........................................................................................................10 14 5.2.1 Worldwide Hydropower Potential............................................................................10 15 5.2.2 Impact of climate change on resource potential.......................................................12 16 5.2.3 Projected changes in precipitation............................................................................13 17 5.2.4 Projected changes in river flow................................................................................13 18 5.2.5 Projected effects on hydropower potential – Studies in AR4 ..................................14 19 5.2.5.1 Africa ..................................................................................................................14 20 5.2.5.2 Asia .....................................................................................................................14 21 5.2.5.3 Europe .................................................................................................................14 22 5.2.5.4 Australia and New-Zealand ................................................................................15 23 5.2.5.5 South-America ....................................................................................................15 24 5.2.5.6 North-America ....................................................................................................15 25 5.2.5.7 An assessment of global effect on hydropower resources ..................................16 26 5.3 Technology and applications.........................................................................................17 27 5.3.1 Types ........................................................................................................................17 28 5.3.1.1 Run of River (RoR).............................................................................................17 29 5.3.1.2 Reservoir .............................................................................................................18 30 5.3.1.3 Pumped-storage...................................................................................................18 31 5.3.1.4 Instream technology using existing facilities......................................................19 32 5.3.2 Status and current trends in technology development..............................................19 33 5.3.2.1 Efficiency............................................................................................................19 34 5.3.2.2 Tunneling capacity..............................................................................................21 35 5.3.3 Sedimentation Problem in Hydropower Projects .....................................................22 36 5.3.4 Renovation and Modernization trends .....................................................................24 37 5.3.5 Storage of water and energy.....................................................................................24 38 5.4 Global and regional status of market and industry development...................................25 39 5.4.1 Existing generation, TWh/year (per region/total) ....................................................25 40 5.4.2 Deployment: Regional Aspects (organizations).......................................................26 41 5.4.3 Role of Hydropower in the Present Energy Markets (flexibility)............................28 42 5.4.4 Carbon credit market................................................................................................28 43 5.4.5 Removing barriers to hydropower development......................................................30 44 5.4.5.1 Financing.............................................................................................................30 45 5.4.5.2 Administrative and Licensing process ................................................................31 46 5.5 Integration into broader energy systems ........................................................................32 47 5.5.1 Contribute to less GHG from thermal by allowing steady state operation ..............32 Do Not Cite or Quote 2 of 78 Chapter 5 SRREN_Draft2_Ch05 Second Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 5.5.2 Grid/independent applications (isolated grids, captive power plants) .....................32 2 5.5.3 Rural electrification..................................................................................................33 3 5.5.4 Hydropower peaking................................................................................................35 4 5.5.5 Energy storage (in reservoirs) ..................................................................................35 5 5.5.6 Supply characteristics...............................................................................................37 6 5.5.6.1 Electrical services and use factors ......................................................................37 7 5.5.6.2 Security ...............................................................................................................38 8 5.5.6.3 Reliability/quality................................................................................................38 9 5.5.6.4 Ancillary services................................................................................................38 10 5.5.7 Regional cooperation................................................................................................39 11 5.5.8 Support to other renewables.....................................................................................39 12 5.6 Environmental and social impacts .................................................................................40 13 5.6.1 Typical impacts and possible mitigation measures ..................................................41 14 5.6.1.1 Hydrological Regimes.........................................................................................42 15 5.6.1.2 Reservoir Creation ..............................................................................................43 16 5.6.1.3 Water Quality......................................................................................................44 17 5.6.1.4 Sedimentation......................................................................................................44 18 5.6.1.5 Biological Diversity............................................................................................45 19 5.6.1.6 Barriers for Fish Migration and Navigation........................................................46