ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 19 The Gilaki Language V.S. RASTORGUEVA A.A. KERIMOVA A.K. MAMEDZADE L.A. PIREIKO D.I. EDEL’MAN English translation editing and expanded content by Ronald M. Lockwood Abstract Rastorgueva, V. S. et al. 2012. The Gilaki Language. English translation editing and ex- panded content by Ronald M. Lockwood. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 19. viii + 445 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-8419-4. This is a translation of the original book entitled: Giljanskij Jazyk. It includes an additional appendix containing an interlinearized version of the Gilaki texts. Original Abstract This monograph presents a description of one of the insufficiently explored Iranian languages widespread in the Northern part of Iran (in the province of Gilan). A description of the pho- netic and grammatical system of the Gilaki language is given therein. Texts (examples of conversational language and connected narrative) taken down by Gilaki authors now in the USSR are the basis of the grammatical analysis. At the end of the work the Gilaki texts and their translations into Russian are added. Ronald M. Lockwood, SIL International consultant, Forum Linguistik in Eurasien e. V., An der Schwemme 4, 79400 Kandern, Germany. © Ronald M. Lockwood 2012 ISSN 1100-326X ISBN 978-91-554-8419-4 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182789 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182789) Original title: Giljanskij jazyk by V. S. Rastorgueva, A. A. Kerimova, A. K. Mamedzade, L. A. Pireiko, and D. I. Edel’man. Editor in Chief: V. S. Rastorgueva, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Moskva: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka”. 1971. This English edition was undertaken by per- mission of the authors and the original publishers. Printed in Sweden by Elanders Sverige AB, 2012 Distributor: Uppsala University Library Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala www.uu.se [email protected] FOREWORD Seeing that this book was a significant work on the Gilaki language, some years ago I sought to have it translated to English. I recognized the high quality of the research and believed the work to be one of the best of its kind on the subject. I undertook a complete reformatting and editing of the book so that it could be made available to the linguistic community. I decided to also undertake the task of interlinearizing all of the texts in- cluded in this work. In appendix A you will find the original Gilaki texts with the free translation immediately below each sentence. This differs from the original book in which each Gilaki text was followed by a free transla- tion text. The free translation line is an English translation of the original Russian free translation. In appendix B you will find an interlinearized ver- sion of the texts. Three lines are provided; the vernacular divided into mor- phemes, the corresponding English glosses for the vernacular morphemes and a free translation line. In appendix B the English free translation has been revised as necessary to give a more accurate English free translation of the Gilaki vernacular. The body of the book has been reformatted to make it easier to read. Sec- tions and subsections have been added. Example sentences have been for- matted and listed as numbered examples. Numbered tables and figures have also been included. Note that for some example sentences no reference is given. This is because the sentence is not from the texts included in the ap- pendices. In the online version of this book, I added extensive linking between the examples and the texts. The user can click on an example’s reference and be taken to the text containing that example in appendix A. From appendix A the user can click to see the corresponding interlinear example in appendix B. All of the language and gloss data has been color coded. See: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182789 I would like to thank the many colleagues who contributed to the transla- tion and editing of the English version of this book. Also, many thanks are due to the Russian academy for their checking of the final document. Ronald M. Lockwood v For Michelle, Christopher, Cameron and Andrea Contents List of Figures and Tables . xv 1. Introduction . 1 2. Phonology . 7 2.1 The Sound System . 7 2.1.1 Vowels . 7 2.1.1.1 Description . 7 2.1.1.2 Historical Roots . 10 2.1.2 Consonants . 13 2.1.3 The Influence of Persian . 15 2.2 The Assimilation of Vowels . 16 2.3 The Phonetic Phenomena Where Two Morphemes Are Combined 17 2.4 Stress . 19 3. Vocabulary . 21 3.1 Proto-Iranian Origin . 21 3.1.1 Pronouns . 21 3.1.2 Numerals . 22 3.1.3 Main Verbs . 24 3.1.4 Names of the Parts of the Body . 25 3.1.5 Names of Natural Phenomena and Substances . 27 3.1.6 Names of the Main Units for Measuring Time . 28 3.1.7 Kinship Terms . 29 3.1.8 The Designations of Gender . 30 3.1.9 Designations of Color and Various Qualitative Conditions 31 3.1.10 Names of Animals, Plants and Products of Nourishment 32 3.1.11 Gilaki-Persian Comparison . 33 3.2 Arabic Origin . 35 3.3 Turkic Loanwords . 36 3.4 Words from Western Europe . 37 3.5 Russian Loanwords . 37 3.6 Other Information . 37 4. Word Formation . 39 4.1 Stem-Composition . 39 4.1.1 Copulative . 39 4.1.2 Determinative . 42 4.2 Affixation . 43 4.2.1 Word-Forming Suffixes . 43 4.2.2 Word-Forming Prefixes . 45 5. Morphology . 47 5.1 Nouns . 47 5.1.1 Definiteness-Indefiniteness . 47 5.1.1.1 Articles . 48 5.1.1.2 Definite and Indefinite Nouns . 49 5.1.2 Number . 52 5.1.3 Case . 55 5.1.3.1 Forms . 55 5.1.3.2 Nominative . 58 5.1.3.3 Accusative-Dative . 62 5.1.3.4 Genitive . 63 5.1.3.5 Case Enclitics . 65 5.1.4 “Ezafe” Constructions . 66 5.2 Adjectives . 69 5.2.1 General . 69 5.2.2 Degrees of Comparison . 71 5.2.3 As Adverbial Modifiers . 72 5.3 Adverbs . 75 5.4 Numerals . 79 5.5 Pronouns . 87 5.5.1 Personal Pronouns . 87 5.5.1.1 Personal Pronouns: Nominative . 89 5.5.1.2 Personal Pronouns: Accusative-Dative . 90 5.5.1.3 Personal Pronouns: Genitive . 92 5.5.1.4 Indirect Object Usage . 93 5.5.1.5 Pronominal Enclitics . 93 5.5.2 Demonstrative Pronouns . 94 5.5.2.1 Demonstrative Pronouns: Nominative . 96 5.5.2.2 Demonstrative Pronouns: Accusative-Dative . 97 5.5.2.3 Demonstrative Pronouns: Genitive . 98 5.5.2.4 Short Forms . 99 5.5.3 Interrogative-Relative Pronouns . 101 5.5.3.1 ki ......................... 102 5.5.3.2 či, čə ....................... 103 5.5.3.3 ko ......................... 104 5.5.4 Attributive Pronouns . 105 5.5.5 The Indefinitive-Negative Pronoun. 107 5.5.6 Reflexive-Attributive Pronouns . 108 5.5.6.1 xu ......................... 108 5.5.6.2 xud ........................ 110 5.5.7 The Reciprocal-Reflective Pronoun . 111 5.5.8 Pronominal Combinations . 111 5.5.8.1 Combination of Pronouns . 112 5.5.8.2 Combination of Pronouns with Nouns . 113 5.5.8.3 Combination of the Numeral i .......... 116 5.5.9 Adverbial Pronouns . 117 5.5.9.1 Locative Adverbial Pronouns . 117 5.5.9.2 Temporal Adverbial Pronouns . 119 5.5.10 Numeral Pronouns . 120 5.6 The Verb . 123 5.6.1 The Stems of Prototypical Verbs . 123 5.6.2 Personal Endings . 125 5.6.3 Verb Derivation Prefixes . 125 5.6.3.1 The Verbal Form-Building Prefix bə- ...... 128 5.6.4 The Negative Particle . 129 5.6.5 Causative Verbs . 131 5.6.6 Compound Verbs . 132 5.6.6.1 The Separable Particle -a, Attached to the Non- Verbal Elements in Compound Verbs . 135 5.6.7 Modal Verbs . 136 5.6.8 The Predicative Copula and the Defective Verbs of State 137 5.6.8.1 The Predicative Copula . 137 5.6.8.2 The Defective Verb of State . 138 5.6.9 Non-Finite Verb Forms . 139 5.6.9.1 The Infinitive . 139 5.6.9.2 The Participle and the Gerund . 141 5.6.10 Finite Verb Forms . 142 5.6.10.1 Introductory Remarks . 142 5.6.10.2 The Imperative Mood . 143 5.6.10.3 The Indicative Mood . 145 5.6.10.3.1 The Present-Future Tense . 145 5.6.10.3.2 The Present Definite Tense . 149 5.6.10.3.3 The Future Categoric Tense . 151 5.6.10.3.4 The Past Neutral Tense . 151 5.6.10.3.5 The Past Continuous Tense . 156 5.6.10.3.6 The Past Definite Tense . 159 5.6.10.3.7 The Pluperfect Tense . 161 5.6.10.4 The Subjunctive Mood . 165 5.6.10.4.1 The Present-Future Tense (Aorist) 165 5.6.10.4.2 The Subjunctive Past Tense . 171 5.6.10.5 The Passive Voice . 173 5.7 Postpositions and Prepositions . 175 5.7.1 Postpositions . 175 5.7.1.1 -amara ...................... 176 5.7.1.2 -biǰa ........................ 176 5.7.1.3 -dimə ....................... 177 5.7.1.4 dímə-sər ..................... 177 5.7.1.5 -dor and dór-ə-bər ................ 177 5.7.1.6 -dumbål ...................... 178 5.7.1.7 -durun ....................... 178 5.7.1.8 -ǰa ......................... 178 5.7.1.9 -ǰir ........................