Carleton University Render Volume 7 Politics and Performance: Categories of Second-Wave Feminist Performance Art Jessa Laframboise Art History (SSAC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Abstract Through a consideration of feminist performance art from the twentieth century, this paper seeks to explore three categories of performance – the temporary live, the private documented and the trace of a performance. These categories are sustained by essential differences which are present in performance, and they ultimately assist in promoting certain thematic intentions. In works which navigate themes of gender, identity, the female body, commodification and femininity, these three categories provide readers with the ability to understand the diversity of feminist performance art, its various methods and techniques and recognize priorities that artists seek to portray. Beginning with an overview of second-wave feminism and performance art the remainder of this discussion will reveal the specific characteristics which make up each category of performance by introducing examples and concepts which pertain to either the temporary live performance, the private documented performance, and the trace of a performance. Additionally, this paper will consider notions of gender performativity, the use of the explicit body in performance and feminists artists interest in performance art to help contextualize the discussion. Keywords: Performance Art, Feminist Art, Second-Wave Feminism, Gender Performativity, Postmodernism, Marina Abramović, Carolee Schneemann ultimately embarrassing because politics and art were incompatible.2 Meanwhile, others Prior to the emergence of feminist art in the recognized that art could have political 1960s, modern art was separated theoretically implications but ultimately maintained that it from politics by most male art theorists of the could do very little to change things. However, at time, and was intended to strictly “transcend or the height of modernism and the social and to provide an alternative to the crude exigencies political unrest of the 1960s, the separation of of social struggle and political strife”.1 Similarly, art and politics came to an abrupt end, causing many modern artists aimed to refute the the art world to reevaluate its priorities. 3 possibility of a political agenda and believed that Unsurprisingly, many artists resisted this social “painting or sculpture that had any kind of real and political transition to what is now called significance in terms of political content” was 1 Jane Wark, Radical Gestures: Feminism and 2 Wark, Radical Gestures, 14. Performance Art in North America, (Montreal & Kingston: 3 Kim Levin, “Farwell to Modernism,” Art Magazine, McGill – Queen’s University Press, 2006), 5. October 1979, 91. 1 © Render, Carleton University Render Vol. 7 Jessa Laframboise postmodernism, carving out the 1960s and the performance. Although feminist art included a 1970s as the hybrid decades, an era vacillating vast array of socially-charged artistic practices, between modern and postmodern. It consisted performance art was intrinsically linked with of a generation of artists who tried to revive the politicization of feminist art; the powerful fading values of modernist art theory while political qualities of feminist performance was working alongside the new and prominent due to the explicit presence of the autonomous ideologies of postmodernism which ultimately female form – the sometimes nude autonomous aligned with the overall priorities of both the female form – in a realm and institution that has public and artists.4 With postmodernism historically maintained their explicit absence.7 emerged feminist art, a movement defined by its When exploring performance art in relation to its political consciousness. It was during this period political nature, three categories emerge: the of feminism in the ‘60s and ‘70s – also known temporary live performance, the private as second-wave feminism – that the slogan “the documented performance and the trace of a personal is political” emerged which reiterated performance. These categories reference one that “no aspect of life, art included, was exempt another but approach political priorities in from politics.” 5 Jane Wark, author of Radical significantly different ways that are noticeable Gestures: Feminist Performance Art in North due to the narratives and techniques portrayed America, explains: in the performance. This meant that, unlike their male peers, Feminist art was a new and radical feminist artists were able to see art not movement which worked to prioritize female as compromised by, or in conflict with artists and their unique gendered experiences. their political goals, but indeed as the For the first time in art history, imagery of object of them. As they sought to women was beginning to be accurately negotiate a new relationship between art, represented by women and no longer were life and politics, feminist artists feminist artists accepting the overt gendered recognized how existing aesthetic discrepancies which permeated the western practices was itself a form of gender canon of art. The fallacy that art was “above oppression.6 gender,” and that gender was irrelevant in the practice and viewing of art was refuted by Feminist artists aimed to develop new feminist artists who clearly acknowledged major modes of artistic expression that not only gender differentiation within their work.8 In the contested strategies cultivated by their male ‘60s and ‘70s, the dialogue of a feminist often predecessors, but also opened their artistic had two things in common, and the most distinct practices to include marginalized and devalued commonality was understanding the concept of modes of creation. This included decorative, gender, triggered as a term for differentiation.9 textile and craft-associated art, body art and Feminists also sought to reconstruct and 4 Levin, “Farwell to Modernism,” 91. 8 Marilyn French, “Is There A Feminist Aesthetic?” Hypatia, 5 Wark, Radical Gestures, 5. no. 2 (1990): 33. 6 Wark, Radical Gestures, 5. 9 Karen- Edis Barzman, “Beyond the Canon: Feminists, 7 Jeanie Forte, “Women’s Performance Art: Feminism and Postmodernism, and the History of Art,” The Journal of Post-Modernism,” Theatre Journal 40, no. 2 (May 1988): Aesthetics and Criticism 52, no. 3 (1994): 327. 217. 2 Render Vol. 7 Jessa Laframboise redistribute the handling of power in society by and aesthetics of twenty-first century placing themselves within a resistance against intersectional feminism. hierarchal power structures which sustained Since the 1960s, feminist performance misogyny and masculinity. However, as time art has utilized many different strategies to progressed and second-wave feminism evolved advance its political objectives and has had a into third-wave and then third-wave transitioned significant influence on “shifting art practices into fourth-wave, feminist artists no longer away from its exclusive preoccupation with maintained gender as the unifying element aesthetic concerns and toward critical which they sought to critique. The emergence of engagement with the social and political twenty-first century feminism recognized a new contingencies of our own times.”11 This paper set of values and aesthetics which were built off will examine, in-depth, a selection of second- the foundation cultivated by feminists in the wave feminist performance art created between ‘60s and ‘70s but with one very important 1960 and 1979. The works examined in this difference – the concept of intersectionality. paper are only a mere fraction of examples that Intersectional feminism prioritizes diversity and could and deserve to be explored in greater is a movement bound by the pursuit of equality detail. While this case study will prioritize for all. Thus, while the dialogue of feminist in a feminist performance art at its roots, it is my contemporary discussion is concerned with ongoing pursuit to acknowledge not just the reconstructing and redistributing the handling of concepts, values and aesthetics which make up “power” in society, these power structures are feminist performance art since the 1960s, but not solely centered around gender inequality also consider where it exists in relation to a anymore. Rather, the dialogue of feminist is just more contemporary conceptions of the artistic as diverse as the subjects who make up the movement. Indeed, feminist art is a movement intersectional feminist community such as, but that has certainly moved and evolved not limited to: queer, trans and gender non- significantly over the last sixty years, and conforming people, people who identify as MAD, because of the increased diversity of feminists, people who have a disability, people of colour their ideologies, goals, values and aesthetics, and people from various social, cultural and contemporary performance art is now reflective economic backgrounds. However, that is not to of intersectional devices which prioritize the say some things haven’t remained intact. “Given visibility of the diverse autonomous female form, that the women’s movement, in all its historical a theme which was absent from second-wave phases, was a struggle of opposition to tradition feminism. Thus, while maintaining the and convention,” and that participation of social theoretical advantages of second-wave and political activism by feminist artists was feminism, many twenty-first century feminist significant in numbers, it is no surprise that the performance artists maintain intersectionality