Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81799-8 - The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s Twentieth Century Sheri Berman Index More information Index Action Franc¸ais, 84–5 balance of class forces theory Adler-Karlsson, Gunnar, 184, 196 (Gleichgewicht der Klassenkrafte¨ ), “age of liberalism,” 12 99–100 Allemanists, 30 Barres,` Maurice, 82–4 ambivalent parliamentarism, 36 Bauer, Otto, 63–4, 99–100 Amsterdam congress (1904), Socialist Bebel, August, 36–7, 44–5, 55, 62, 92, International, 160 158 anti-Semitism, 89–93, 138–9 Beer Hall Putsch, 139 antisocialist laws Bernstein, Eduard, 8, 14–16, 21, 36, 47, in Germany (1878–1890), 35–6 115, 117, 121, 202, 207 in Italy, 52 Fabian Society lecture, 39 Arbetet (newspaper), 157 Lenin’s attacks on, 8 Auer, Ignaz, 45 on nationalism, 62 Austria, 97 revisionism and, 38–45 Brno (Brunn)¨ program (1899), 64 and Sorel’s views, 71–2 Christian Social Party, 93–5 Volkspartei (people’s party) strategy, Linz program, 93 99 municipal socialism program, 94 on workers and homeland, 60–1 universal suffrage reform (1906), Berth, Edouard,´ 81–2 94 Bissolati, Leonida, 57–8, 75 Austria-Hungary and democratic Blair, Tony, 211 revisionism, 59–65 Blanc, Louis, 34 Austrian Freedom Party, 215 Blanquists, 30 Austrian Socialist Party (SDAP), Bloc National, 101 99 Bloch, Joseph, 86–9 Brno (Brunn)¨ program (1899), 64 Blum, Leon,´ 100–1, 121–3, 193–4 Linz program, 93 Bolshevik revolution, 102, 106 Avanti! (newspaper), 77 Bolshevism, 99, 128, 130 Axelrod, Paul, 96 Bonomi, Ivanoe, 75–6, 106 Bordiga, Amadeo, 102, 105 Baade, Fritz, 111 Bos, Wouter, 216 Bad Godesberg program, 190–1 Bottai, Giuseppe, 135 219 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81799-8 - The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s Twentieth Century Sheri Berman Index More information 220 Index Boulanger, Georges, 29 Copenhagen congress (1910), Socialist Boulanger crisis of 1889, 29 International, 64–5 Boulangism, 82–3 corporatism, 133–6 Brandt, Willy, 191 Corradini, Enrico, 78–9 Branting, Hjalmar, 152–8, 160–1, 164, Craxi, Bettino, 193 167 Crispi, Francesco, 52 Breslau congress (1895), SPD, 37–8 Croce, Benedetto, 51, 74, 78 Bretton Woods conference, 179 Croix de Feu (CF), 149, 151 Brno (Brunn)¨ program (1899), 64 Crosland, C. A. R., 181, 187 Brousse, Paul, 29 cross-class cooperation, 11, 14–16, 20, Bruning,¨ Heinrich, 109–12, 142 34, 52, 56, 60, 74, 88, 97, 116, Bulow,¨ Bernhard von, 58 150, 155, 160, 200, 203 Czech nationalism, 64–5 Cabrini, Angiolo, 75 Capital (Marx), 23, 69 D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 127 capitalism, 2–8, 109–15 D’Aragona, Ludovico, 104 de Man Plan, 115, 118–19, 186 Daladier, Edouard, 101, 120 in postwar era, 187 Danielsson, Axel, 154–5, 157–8 Catholic Mouvement Republican´ Darwinism, 25 Populaire, 178 Das Dritte Reich (The Third Reich) Catholic Popular Party (Italy), 103, (Moeller), 137 130 Daudet, Leon,´ 84 Centre Confederal´ d’Etudes´ Ouvrieres` David, Eduard, 37, 158 de la C. G. T., 121 de Man Plan, 115, 118–19, 186 Cercle Proudhon, 85 Deat,´ Marcel, 120–1, 125–6 Christian Democratic Union (CDU) decommodification, 181, 185, 196, 213 (Germany), 178, 191 Delegation des Gauches, 49 Christian Socialist Union (CSU) democratic revisionism, 14–16, 204, 209 (Germany), 191 in Austria, 59–65 Christian Social Party (Austria), 93–5 in France, 28–35, 48–50 class struggle, 12–15, 20–1, 26, 33, 42, in Germany, 54–9 48, 51, 96–7, 99, 116, 126 in Italy, 50–4 communism, 22–3, 67, 206 origins in Germany, 35–46 in France, 122, 194 in Sweden, 152–9 in Germany, 109, 114 depression, 10, 13, 26 in Italy, 105, 192–3 Der Moderne Kapitalismus (Sombart), Communist International, 105 90 Communist Manifesto, 61 Deutsche Demokratische Partei (DDP) Communist Party of Germany (KPD), (German Democratic Party) 137, 139, 141, 143 (Germany), 140 communitarianism, 8, 15, 120, 125–6, Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP) 200, 204–7, 211, 214, 217 (German National People’s Party) Confederazione Generale dell’Industria (Germany), 140 Italiana (Confindustrio) (CGII), dictatorship of the proletariat, 102–3 133 Dresden congress (1903), SPD, 55–6 conservative revolution (Germany), Dresden resolution, 55–6 137 Dreyfus, Alfred, 31 Conservatives, Italian, 130 Dreyfus Affair, 31–2, 83–4 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81799-8 - The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s Twentieth Century Sheri Berman Index More information Index 221 Economic Crisis, The (Wigforss), 170 Fascist Unions, Confederation of (Italy), economy 133 European Economic Cooperation, Fed´ eration´ des Travailleurs Socialistes de Committee of (1947 report), 177 France (Possibilists), 29–30 Fascist policies (Italy), 128–30, 132–3 Federzoni, Luigi, 79 industrialized nations, 89 Ferri, Enrico, 48, 50, 52–4 Nazi programs, 143–8, 187 First World War. See World War I and orthodox Marxism and, 21–2, 27 aftermath in postwar era, 179–88 Fortuyn, Pim, 216 Rehn-Meidner model, 185, 196–7 France, 20, 47, 100, 202 SAP economic policies, 167–75 all-socialist congress of 1899. See also embedded liberalism, 179, 201 specific parties Engels, Friedrich, 12, 21, 24–6, 30–1, 37, Boulangism, 82–3 50 de Man Plan, 115, 118–19, 186 ENI (Italy), 182 democratic revisionism in, 28–35, Erfurt program, 35–6, 189 48–50 Erhard, Ludwig, 187 election of 1899, 34 Erlander, Tage, 169, 196 elections of 1919–28, 101 Eucken, Walter, 187 elections of 1932, 120 Europe, changes from 1870–1900, 68 elections of 1936, 122 European Economic Cooperation, general strike in 1906, 82 Committee of (1947 report), integral nationalism, 84, 85 177 party unification after Amsterdam European Union (EU), 214 congress, 57 Evolutionary Socialism (Bernstein), postwar era, 178, 182, 186 44 and postwar social democracy, 193–5 Fabian Society, 39 revolutionary revisionism in, 81–86 Facta, Luigi, 130 right-wing groups (1920–30), 149–51 Faisceau (party), 149–50 syndicalism in, 81–2 Fasci di Combattimento, 127–8 French Communist Party (PCF), 100, fascism, 5, 16–17, 74 122, 194 dividing line between National French National Front, 215 Socialism, social democracy, and, French socialist parties 207 Allemanists, 30 and French right-wing groups all-socialist congress of 1899, 34–5 (1920–30), 149–51 Blanquists, 30 and National Socialism, 151 Fed´ eration´ des Travailleurs Socialistes similarities to social democracy and de France (Possibilists), 29–30 National Socialism, 16–17, Parti Ouvrier Franc¸ais (POF), 28–31, 205–6 34, 49 Fascist party in Italy, 105–6, 126–36 Boulanger crisis of 1889, 29 agrarian program (1921), 128 congress in Marsielles (1892), 30 congress in Rome (1921), 129 congress in Nantes (1894), 30 corporatism, 133–6 Parti Populaire Franc¸ais (PPF), 149 economic control of, 135 Parti Socialiste (PS), 194–5 economic policies, 128–30, 132–3 Parti Socialiste de France (PSF), 49, Fascist state, 132 120–1 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81799-8 - The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s Twentieth Century Sheri Berman Index More information 222 Index French socialist parties (cont.) Germany, 21, 25–6, 47, 97, 202–3, Parti Socialiste Franc¸ais (PSF), 49–50, 205 149 antisocialist laws (1878–90), 35 congress (1903), 50 budget crisis (1909), 58 Parti Socialiste Ouvrier democratic revisionism in, 54–9 Revolutionnaire (POSR), 30 elections of 1928–30, 109 Section Franc¸aise de l’Internationale elections of 1912, 59 Ouvriere´ (SIFO), 57, 102, 120–1 elections of 1932, 114–15, 142–3 congress (1920), 100 elections of 1969, 191 congress (1945), 193 elections of June 1903, 55 congress (1946), 194 Gemeinschaft (community), 91 membership decline from 1946–60, GNP (1932–8), 146 194 Great Inflation, 140 and postwar social democracy, industrialization of, 89 193–5 national debt (1933–8), 144 Friedman, Thomas, 209 National Socialism in, 136–48 Nazi movement in, 109–15, 139–48 Gaulle, Charles de, 182 origins of democratic revisionist Gaullism, 194 theory, 46 gemeinschaft (community), 4, 91, 181, postwar era, 178, 183–4, 186–7 214 and postwar social democracy, 192 Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft revolutionary revisionism in, 86–95 (Community and Society) Verbande¨ (industrial associations), (Tonnies),¨ 4 183 German Socialist Party (SPD), 35–8, 43, Volksgemeinschaft, 87–8, 91, 147–8 45, 109–15, 141 Wandervogel, 91 Bad Godesberg program, 191 Weimar Republic, 16, 98–9, 114, 137, Breslau congress (1895), SPD, 37–8 143 CDU/CSU coalition, 191 Weltpolitik, 87 congress (1931), 110 WTB plan, 111–14, 141–2 congress in Wurzburg¨ (1917), 98 gesellschaft (society), 4, 91, 181 Dresden congress (1903), SPD, Giddens, Anthony, 211 55–6 Giolitti, Giovanni, 53–4, 57–8, 75, Dresden resolution, 56 105–6, 129 elections of 1907, 86 globalization, 27, 68, 201, 209–10, elections of 1912, 59 213 elections of 1932, 114–15, 142–3 progressive, 212 elections of 1969, 191 Gogh, Theo van, 216 elections of June 1903, 55 Gramsci, Antonio, 76, 104–6 Erfurt congress (1891), 35 Great Depression (1873–95), 25 Hanover congress (1899), 45 Great Depression (early 1930s), 97, post-1907 party conferences, 88 109–11, 119, 134, 141–3, 161, and postwar social democracy, 192 167, 169–70, 175, 177, 203 revisionist forces and, 89–90 Great Inflation (Germany), 140 Stuttgart congress (1898), 44 Great War and aftermath, 15, 57, 96–7, support of war effort, 89, 96 100, 102, 115, 126, 136, 203 Umbau der Wirtschaft (Reorganization Gregor, A. James, 204 of the Economy) program, 113 Guesde, Jules, 28–32, 34–5,