TAU MAI E KAPITI TE WHARE WANANGA O IA, O TE NUI, O TE WEHI, O TE TOA: RECLAIMING EARLY RAUKAWA-TOARANGATIRA WRITING FROM OTAKI BY ARINI MAY LOADER A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Maori Studies 2013 Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 8 Preface ............................................................................................................................... 10 Orthographic conventions .......................................................................................... 10 A note on terminology ................................................................................................ 12 A note on referencing .................................................................................................. 13 A note on the names of tupuna .................................................................................. 14 INTRODUCTION: Tau mai e Kapiti ........................................................................... 16 The order of the sections and chapters ..................................................................... 19 The order of the sections............................................................................................. 21 The order of the chapters ............................................................................................ 22 Thesis outline ............................................................................................................... 24 Whakawatea ................................................................................................................. 26 Reclaiming .................................................................................................................... 26 Early ............................................................................................................................... 29 Raukawa - Toarangatira .............................................................................................. 30 Writing .......................................................................................................................... 33 Otaki .............................................................................................................................. 37 George Grey and Maori manuscripts ........................................................................ 41 The treatment of Maori-language quotes in this thesis .......................................... 51 POU TUATAHI: SECTION ONE.................................................................................. 52 Chapter One: The invention of history: The history of Tamihana Te Rauparaha’s ‘History of Te Rauparaha’ .............................................................. 52 He korero ................................................................................................................... 52 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 53 W. T. L. Travers ......................................................................................................... 57 John White ................................................................................................................. 62 Thomas Lindsay Buick ............................................................................................. 67 George Graham ......................................................................................................... 69 Patricia Burns ............................................................................................................ 71 Peter Butler ................................................................................................................ 74 Heni Collins ............................................................................................................... 76 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 79 Chapter Two: Reading Tamihana Te Rauparaha .................................................... 80 He korero ................................................................................................................... 80 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 81 Tamihana within the narrative ................................................................................ 82 Tamihana the writer.................................................................................................. 94 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 102 2 POU TUARUA: SECTION TWO ................................................................................ 103 Chapter Three: The invention of mythology: Sir George Grey’s Ko nga Mahinga a nga Tupuna Maori and Polynesian Mythology ................................................... 103 He Korero................................................................................................................. 103 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 103 Nga Mahinga and Polynesian Mythology ................................................................. 107 Te Whiwhi‘s work in Grey‘s Nga Mahinga ............................................................ 111 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 113 Chapter Four: Reading whakapapa in Matene Te Whiwhi’s ‘Ko te korero tenei o Maui’ ........................................................................................................................... 115 He Korero................................................................................................................. 115 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 116 Maui and Taranga ................................................................................................... 116 Tawhaki ................................................................................................................... 119 Rata ........................................................................................................................... 121 Whakatau ................................................................................................................. 122 Hineteiwaiwa, Tinirau and Tuhuruhuru .............................................................. 124 Raukawa-Toarangatira ........................................................................................... 125 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 136 POU TUATORU: SECTION THREE .......................................................................... 138 Chapter Five: Reading tribalscape in two tangi composed by Rakapa Kahoki 138 He Korero................................................................................................................. 138 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 139 Tangi tuatahi ............................................................................................................ 156 Tangi tuarua ............................................................................................................ 165 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 180 CONCLUSION: E noho ana au i te koko o toku whare ........................................... 181 Appendices..................................................................................................................... 189 Tangi tuatahi na Rakapa Kahoki ............................................................................. 189 Tangi tuarua na Rakapa Kahoki .............................................................................. 190 References ...................................................................................................................... 191 3 List of illustrations Photograph 1: The front cover of Tamihana Te Rauparaha‘s manuscript. ............... 101 Photograph 2: Rakapa Kahoki's first tangi for Te Rangitopeora as it appears in Tamihana Te Rauparaha‘s manuscript ................................................................. 144 Photograph 3: Rakapa Kahoki's second tangi for Te Rangitopeora as it appears in Tamihana Te Rauparaha‘s manuscript ................................................................. 145 4 Acknowledgements I owe a debt of gratitude to the people who helped me before my PhD journey officially began. My MA supervisor, Alice Te Punga Somerville, encouraged me to think about PhD study before I had even submitted by MA for marking. She said at the time that the idea of doing a PhD would sound crazy (which it did) but she quietly persisted until I was ready to heed her advice and follow her on another journey into what was, at least for me, the intellectual