A Lasting Legacy for London? Assessing the legacy of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games May 2007 Barcelona • Atlanta • Sydney • Athens A Lasting Legacy for London? Assessing the legacy of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games May 2007 Research commissioned by the London Assembly from the London East Research Institute of the University of East London copyright Greater London Authority May 2007 Published by Greater London Authority City Hall The Queen’s Walk London SE1 2AA www.london.gov.uk enquiries 020 7983 4100 minicom 020 7983 4458 ISBN 978-1-84781-022-9 This publication is printed on recycled paper. CONTENTS 1. KEY FINDINGS 8 2. IMPACT STUDIES OF THE OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES 13 2.1 Spatial ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Temporal..................................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Social Regeneration and a Sporting Event................................................................. 15 2.5 The Social Legacy Opportunity................................................................................... 15 2.6 Social legacy: A range of hard and soft objectives..................................................... 16 2.7 Towards the definition of a good legacy ..................................................................... 17 2.8 Urban Renewal: Hard Infrastructure .......................................................................... 19 2.9 Legacy of Sports Infrastructure.................................................................................. 21 2.10 What the Cities Built: Outlining New and Existing Facilities .................................... 22 2.11 Indicative Aspects of City Legacy Planning.............................................................. 24 2.12 Climate Change and Visitor Change: the Current Environmental Agenda............... 24 3. ECONOMIC 26 3.1 Summary of Key Findings ................................................. 26 3.2 Barcelona .......................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Economic Context.................................................................................................... 29 3.2.2 Games Finance........................................................................................................ 29 3.2.3 Employment ............................................................................................................. 30 3.2.4 Skills......................................................................................................................... 31 Tourism Case Study: Barcelona 1992 .............................................................................. 31 3.3 Atlanta .............................................................................. 33 3.3.1 Economic Context.................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Games Finance........................................................................................................ 33 3.3.3 Employment ............................................................................................................. 34 3.3.4 Skills......................................................................................................................... 34 Tourism Case Study: Atlanta 1996 ................................................................................... 35 3.4 Sydney.............................................................................. 36 3.4.1 Economic context..................................................................................................... 36 3.4.2 Games Finance........................................................................................................ 36 3.4.3 Employment ............................................................................................................. 37 3.4.4 Skills......................................................................................................................... 38 Tourism Case Study: Sydney 2000 ................................................................................. 39 3.5 Athens .............................................................................. 41 3.5.1 Economic context..................................................................................................... 41 3.5.2 Games Finance........................................................................................................ 41 3.5.3 Employment ............................................................................................................. 42 3.5.4 Skills......................................................................................................................... 42 Tourism Case Study: Athens 2004 ................................................................................... 43 3.6 Economic Value of Olympic Tourism............................ 43 3.6.1 Pitfalls and Outflux ................................................................................................... 45 4. SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND LIFESTYLE 46 4.1 Summary of Key Points: Social “Legacy Momentum” 46 4.2 Barcelona......................................................................... 48 4.3 Atlanta .............................................................................. 51 4.4 Sydney.............................................................................. 53 4.5 Athens .............................................................................. 55 4.6 Impact on Residential Property Markets ......................... 55 4.7 The Games and Sports Participation................................ 56 4.8 Concluding Points on Sports Participation ..................... 67 4.8.1 The Torch Relay and other involvement projects ................................................ 68 4.8.2 Pre- Games participation ........................................................................................ 69 4.9 Governance – Aspects of Institutions and Olympic Delivery...................................................................................... 70 4.9.1 Barcelona - Governance Case Study ...................................................................... 70 4.9.2 Atlanta – Governance case study............................................................................ 70 4.9.3 Sydney – Governance case study ........................................................................... 71 4.10 Assessing Social Legacy Momentum............................. 73 5. ENVIRONMENT POLICY AND PRACTICE 74 5.1 The Environment at the Olympics before Olympic Environmentalism .................................................................... 74 5.2 The Establishment of Olympic Environmental Principles .................................................................................................... 75 5.3 Summary of Key Findings .............................................. 76 5.4 Barcelona………………………………………………………. 78 5.4.1 Barcelona’s pre-game environment......................................................................... 78 5.4.2 The making of the Games........................................................................................ 79 5.4.3 The Legacy .............................................................................................................. 79 2 5.5 Atlanta ................................................................................. 80 5.5.1 Atlanta’s pre-Games environment ....................................................................... 80 5.5.2 Making the Games................................................................................................... 80 5.5.3 The Legacy .............................................................................................................. 82 5.6 Sydney.............................................................................. 83 5.6.1 Sydney’s pre-Games environment .......................................................................... 83 5.6.2 Making the Games................................................................................................... 83 5.6.3 The Legacy .............................................................................................................. 84 5.7 Athens .............................................................................. 86 5.7.1 Athens pre-Games Environment ............................................................................. 86 5.7.2 Making the Games................................................................................................... 86 5.7.3 The Legacy .............................................................................................................. 88 6. THE PARALYMPICS IMPACT 90 6.1 Summary of Key Findings ................................................. 90 6.2 Barcelona ............................................................................ 90 6.3 Atlanta .............................................................................. 91 6.4 Sydney................................................................................ 91 6.5 Athens ................................................................................ 94 6.6 The Paralympics: Some Recommendations................... 94 7. CONCLUSION 95 8. LEGACY