Family: Celastraceae Taxon: Gymnosporia emarginata Synonym: Celastrus emarginatus Willd. Common Name: tai wan luo shi Catha emarginata (Willd.) G. Don Kankera Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 2 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 Print Date: 1/14/2011 Gymnosporia emarginata (Celastraceae) Page 1 of 6 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 2 Print Date: 1/14/2011 Gymnosporia emarginata (Celastraceae) Page 2 of 6 Supporting Data: 101 2003. Jordaan, M./van Wyk, A.E.. Reinstatement "Note: this name is now considered to apply only to plants from India and Sri of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae): implications for Lanka. The name is therefore misapplied to plants in the Flora Malesiana region. the Flora Malesiana region. Telopea. 10(1): 155- Specimens previously named Maytenus emarginata by Ding Hou in 1962, 167. occurring in Malesia (Philippines, Celebes, Moluccas and New Guinea) and northern Queensland in Australia now belong to Gymnosporia inermis." [no evidence that species is highly domesticated] 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2003. Jordaan, M./van Wyk, A.E.. Reinstatement "Distribution and habitat: S India and Sri Lanka. Growing in scrub, on coastal of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae): implications for plains, the Flora Malesiana region. Telopea. 10(1): 155- up to 500 m." 167. 202 2003. Jordaan, M./van Wyk, A.E.. Reinstatement "Distribution and habitat: S India and Sri Lanka. Growing in scrub, on coastal of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae): implications for plains, up to 500 m." the Flora Malesiana region. Telopea. 10(1): 155- 167. 203 2003. Jordaan, M./van Wyk, A.E.. Reinstatement "Distribution and habitat: S India and Sri Lanka. Growing in scrub, on coastal of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae): implications for plains, up to 500 m." [distribution suggests restriction to hot tropical climates at the Flora Malesiana region. Telopea. 10(1): 155- lower elevations] 167. 204 2003. Jordaan, M./van Wyk, A.E.. Reinstatement "Distribution and habitat: S India and Sri Lanka. Growing in scrub, on coastal of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae): implications for plains, the Flora Malesiana region. Telopea. 10(1): 155- up to 500 m." 167. 205 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. No evidence of repeated introductions outside native range. 301 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence of naturalization documented Weeds [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 301 2010. Lau, J-W.. Botanical Survey of "Distribution: Four distinct seedlings of M. emarginata were located in the E. unmaintained areas surrounding McBryde citriodora forest from the area north of Dillingham Memorial to the unmanaged Garden, National Tropical Botanical Garden, forest north of the Apocynaceae section in Middle Valley. Stage: All naturalized Kaua‘i. Kaua’i Community College, Lihue, HI M. emarginata examined were under one foot and immature, without fruit or flowers. The one accessioned M. emarginata plant (870781.003) on the main garden road was heavily bearing immature fruit at the time of the survey, but no ripe fruit could be seen." [showing signs of naturalization] 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 304 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of Several Maytenus species listed as naturalized and/or weeds, but no Weeds [Online Database]. Gymnosporia species http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 401 2003. Jordaan, M./van Wyk, A.E.. Reinstatement "Diagnostic characters of Gymnoporia include the presence of brachyblasts and of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae): implications for spines...Shrub or small tree up to 6 m high; bark pale brown, smooth, cracked; the Flora Malesiana region. Telopea. 10(1): 155- branches terete, with pale lenticels; spines axillary or terminating short lateral 167. shoots" 401 2008. Mehta, V.K./Sullivan, P.J./Walter, "The increasing dominance and diversity of small woody species, along with M.T./Krishnaswamy, J./DeGloria, S.D.. shrubaceous species that bear thorny structures (e.g. G. emarginata, Z. Ecosystem impacts of disturbance in a dry oenoplia) has been reported in other dry tropical forests in India (Pandey and tropical forest in southern India. Ecohydrology. 1: Singh, 1991; Shankar et al., 1998b; Kumar and Shahabuddin, 2005; 149–160. Madhusudan, 2005)." Print Date: 1/14/2011 Gymnosporia emarginata (Celastraceae) Page 3 of 6 402 2003. Jordaan, M./van Wyk, A.E.. Reinstatement No evidence of allelopathy of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae): implications for the Flora Malesiana region. Telopea. 10(1): 155- 167. 402 2008. Mehta, V.K./Sullivan, P.J./Walter, No evidence M.T./Krishnaswamy, J./DeGloria, S.D.. Ecosystem impacts of disturbance in a dry tropical forest in southern India. Ecohydrology. 1: 149–160. 403 2003. Jordaan, M./van Wyk, A.E.. Reinstatement "Shrub or small tree up to 6 m high" [no evidence of parasitism] of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae): implications for the Flora Malesiana region. Telopea. 10(1): 155- 167. 404 2008. Asouti, E./Fuller, D.Q.. Trees and "leaves are used as fodder and its branches as roofing material." [presumably woodlands of south India: archaeological palatable] perspectives. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA 404 2009. Tuttle, R. (ed.). The functional and "Table 16-1. Common deeding trees of langurs (present study)…Gymnosporia evolutionary biology of primates. (Third emarginata - Part Utilized - Leaves" Paperback printing). Transaction Publishers, Piscataway, New Jersey 405 1992. Brara, R.. Are Grazing Lands "Table 1: Uses of Principal Plant Types on Common Lands (Villages Khedi and 'Wastelands'? Some Evidence from Rajasthan. Banai)" [Maytenus/Gymnospora emarginata used for Fuel, Fodder, Timber. No Economic and Political Weekly. 27(8): 411-418. evidence of toxicity] 406 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. Unknown 407 2010. Patel, Y.S./Joshi, E.P./Joshi, P.N.. "Usage in Ethnomedicine: Bark powder used with cow milk against weakness, Ethnobotanical Study of Tapkeshwari Hill, Bhuj, leaves used against on bile control and to cure jaundice, young branches used as Kachchh, India. Life sciences Leaflets. 2: 22 – 31. toothbrush" 407 2010.