A cross-linguistic study on the phonetics of dorsal obstruents DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) im Fach Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft eingereicht an der Philosophischen Fakultät II Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Dipl. Psych. Christian Geng geboren am 08.11.1968 in Friedrichshafen Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Christoph Markschies Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät II: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Christoph Markschies Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Bernd Pompino-Marschall 2. Prof. Dr. Daniel Recasens eingereicht am: 20 November 2007 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 23 Januar 2008 Abstract This work investigates place of articulation in a cross-linguistic perspective: While most articulatory and in particular perceptual studies within phonetics are refined to the study of the three major - labial, alveolar and velar - places of articulation, the present dissertation aims at the addition of the palatal place of articulation in obstruent production and percep- tion, with special focus on the Hungarian palatal stops. The self-limitation of phonetics to deal only with the three major stop places of articulation in part has practical reasons: Phonemes like the palatal Hungarian obstruents [c] and [é] are not members of the sound systems of languages like English which can be regarded as the drosophila of experimental phonetics. The guiding idea of this research was that the incorporation of such additional phonemes into the planning and design of the experimental studies might, by increasing the category density, drive the categories into a “tug of war” for phonetic “resources” - articulatory or perceptual spaces. Put differently, the architecture of the current disserta- tion is centered around ways in which the category distance defined in some phonetic - or potentially also phonological space - can be utilized to derive hypotheses which are best tested in a crosslinguistic design. Such designs can for example be helpful to test whether the phoneme inventory of a language leaves its traces in patterns of velar coarticulation. Concerning the so-called loops,1 there have been numerous publications dealing with the influences of speech physiology, aerodynamics, general movement principles or articula- tory biomechanics in a fairly systematic fashion, while no research efforts have been made so far to investigate possible influences of the system of linguistic contrasts of a given lan- guage. The same holds for the domain of speech perception: In speech perception, there are open questions which have not been answered yet or only been touched in a rudimen- tary fashion: How many stop place categories can be implemented on the basis of formant transitions alone? An arbitrary amount or is there an upper limit? In phonetic research on vowels similar questions are fairly common, in the domain of consonants, I am not aware of any empirical efforts. Experiments will be devised starting from opposite ends of the rope: speech production and speech perception - which do not necessarily have commensurable theoretical start- points. Working in both the domains of production and perception is costly and redundancy hard to avoid if one wants to arrive at a coherent theoretical treatment of the necessary conceptual ingredients. The solution chosen was to start with a theoretical introductory part (partI) with a separate treatment of (i) perceptual and (ii) articulatory matters. This main thread is split later into separate experimental chapters - chapters2 and3 - both of which already belong to the experimental part (partII). These separate additional theoret- ical chapters provide the theoretical building blocks which were deemed necessary for the experimental work on perception (chapter2) and articulation (chapter3). Also hypotheses are formulated in these sections. Take as an example justifying the repeated treatment of theoretical building blocks the description of the Gestural Approach: It is only described in very moderate depth in the introductory part (see section 2.2). It only contains the description of the lossless undamped spring-mass system but not of the damped system which forms an integral part of the actual movement generation device of Task Dynamics. This limitation was strategic in the sense that the only purpose in the introductory part was to highlight the alternative conception and 1“Loops” denote the loop-shaped trajectories of velar consonants during oral closure, in particular in front vowel context. ii role of time and timing in this particular theoretical apparatus - of Ecological Psychology2 - in comparison to more conventional phonologies. The treatment of perceptual theories can be seen somehow in analogy: While the introductory chapter just aimed to elaborate the approach aspired - in the form of a “Howto” for the application of a cross-linguistic usage of the CP paradigm for place of articulation studies (section 2.3), the information given there is supplemented by theories more closely related to the derivation of hypotheses like for example the locus theory of Sussman et al.(1998) in section 3.2. The division between articulation and perception pertains to the presentation of results: The results for perceptual experimentation (section6) are separated from the articulatory results (sections9, 10 and 11), i.e. presented together with their respective theoretical motivation. The results obtained are viewed in a more aggregate fashion in a separate part (part III) containing the general discussion which also concludes this dissertation. Summary of results - Perceptual Studies As mentioned, the research on the perception of place of articulation in oral stop conso- nants has almost exclusively focused the main places of articulation which are also most common in the sound inventories of the world’s languages, and the palatal place of articu- lation has been disregarded in this respect. One language that phonemically has a palatal stop is Hugarian. The aim was to compare a language with and without such a palatal stop phoneme in the inventory under deprived conditions. As a language without such a phoneme French was chosen because of its better match with Hungarian with respect to voicing im- plementation as compared to e.g. German. The deprivation mentioned was achieved by generating synthetic CV syllables as stimuli where V is the neutral vowel which deprives the listener of the possibility to make perceptual adjustments to vowel context. The listener was further deprived of burst information which was not synthesized. Results suggest that (i) territorial mapping of the responses in stimulus space for palatal and alveolar place together in a four-category language like Hungarian resembles that of the alveolar place alone in a three-category language like in the present case French, and (ii) the velar region of the territorial map for Hungarian is shrunk in comparison to the velar region of French. Summary of results - Articulatory Studies The dorsal obstruents of Hungarian and German were studied by means of Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA). The target material contained the velar and palatal stops in initial and medial position for Hungarian. For German, target material consisted in (a) medial palatal, velar and uvular fricative allophones and (b) initial and medial velar stops. Results are presented according to the division in (i) intralinguistic Hungarian, (ii) intralinguistic German findings, and (iii) crosslinguistic comparisons: ad (i) The Hungarian palatals are true dorsopalatals. The fronting of the Hungarian velar converges to a back palatal articulation. Palatals can exhibit large movement ampli- tudes during oral closure and also during the whole VCV sequence. This implies that contextual velar fronting is not optimally treated in the sense of an underspecifica- tion scenario such as that advocated by authors like Keating. Velar stop production in Hungarian shows some patterns of deviance from the patterns observed for other languages like German or English. These patterns partly run contrary to the claim that velar “loops” arise of biomechanical and/or aerodynamic origin exclusively (e.g Kent und Moll, 1972; Perrier et al., 2003). 2Articulatory Phonology is the particular instantiation of Ecological Psychology within Phonetics. iii ad (ii) Variation generated by the German fricative allophones is distinguishable from within- phoneme variation for the German stops. The stop variants exhibit less contextual variation. Interpretations in terms of phonological instantiation of phonemic or al- lophonic contrast or in terms of a particular articulatory control regime are rejected due to theoretical considerations. ad (iii) Crosslinguistic tongue shape comparisons of articulatory profiles indicate that Hun- garian velar stop production is in fact reactive to the presence of a phonemic palatal stop in Hungarian. This was evidenced by the crosslinguistic comparison of static tongue configurations as well as by kinematic analyses. iv Zusammenfassung Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind crosslinguistische Differenzierungen der Artikulations- stelle: Während sich die - sowohl artikulatorisch wie auch perzeptuell ausgerichtete - ex- perimentalphonetische Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Plosive in den allermeisten Fällen auf die Untersuchung der drei Artikulationsstellen labial, alveolar und velar beschränkt hat, hat sich die vorliegende Arbeit zur Aufgabe gemacht, diese Beschränkung aufzuheben und eine vierte, palatale Artikulationsstelle in der experimentellen