Business as Usual (BAU) Scenario Information and Analysis Covering the Pra and Kakum River Basins Prepared for Nature Conservation Research Centre By: Ing. Matthew Adombire Patrick Adjewodah Ronald Abrahams April, 2013 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. ii Table of Figures ................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 General Information ................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Introduction and Background ...................................................................................... 4 1.2 Watersheds Services ....................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Scope of Works ................................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.5.1 Desk Study .................................................................................................................. 8 1.5.2 Consultations ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5.3 Direct Assessment ................................................................................................... 9 1.6 Challenges Encountered During the Study ........................................................... 10 1.7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2 Water Quality and Quantity (Flow) .................................................................... 11 2.1 Water Resources of the Pra and Kakum River Basins ...................................... 11 2.1.1 The Pra River Basin ............................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 The Kakum River Basin ........................................................................................ 17 2.2 Water Availability and Treatment ............................................................................ 18 2.3 Water Quality Data for Pra River Basin ................................................................. 20 2.3.1 Water Supply Facilities ......................................................................................... 20 2.3.2 Water Quality ........................................................................................................... 21 2.3.3 Water Quality Data ................................................................................................ 22 2.3.4 Water Quality Data for Other Tributaries of the Pra River Basin ......... 27 2.4 Water Quality Data for the Kakum River Basin .................................................. 29 2.4.1 Water Supply Facilities ......................................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Water Quality Data ................................................................................................ 29 2.5 Threats to Water Quality and Flow .......................................................................... 32 2.5.1 Underlying Causes of the Deterioration of Water Quality ...................... 37 2.6 Critical Ecosystems of the Pra and Kakum Watersheds .................................. 38 ii 2.6.1 Interpretation of Critical Ecosystems ............................................................. 40 2.6.2 Identification of Critical Ecosystems ............................................................... 41 Chapter 3 Existing Mapping of Pra and Kakum Watersheds ...................................... 46 3.1 Significance of Maps to Watersheds ....................................................................... 46 3.2 Review of Available Existing Maps ........................................................................... 46 3.2.1 Topographic sheets ................................................................................................ 46 3.2.2 Google satellite maps ........................................................................................... 47 3.2.3 Water Resources Commission maps ............................................................... 47 3.3 Mapping Gaps .................................................................................................................. 50 Chapter 4 Roles and Responsibilities of Institutions...................................................... 51 4.1 The Ministry of Water Resources Works and Housing ..................................... 51 4.2 The District Assemblies ................................................................................................ 51 4.3 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ....................................................... 53 4.4 The Water Resources Commission (WRC) ............................................................ 55 4.5 The Minerals Commission ........................................................................................... 55 4.6 The Forestry Commission (FC) ................................................................................. 56 4.7 The Public Utilities Regulatory Commission ......................................................... 57 4.8 Ghana Water Company Limited ................................................................................ 57 4.9 Barriers to Effective Delivery of Functions by Institutions ............................. 58 Chapter 5 Watershed Management: Initiatives, Laws & Recommendations ....... 65 5.1 Watershed Management Initiatives in Ghana ..................................................... 65 5.1.1 Laws/Acts of Parliament on Watershed Management .............................. 65 5.1.2 Watershed Management Initiatives by the Water Resources Commission (WRC) in Ghana ............................................................................................ 67 5.1.3 Law Enforcement Challenges and Trends in Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Watersheds in Ghana ............................................................... 70 5.2 Pre-conditions for Successful River Basin Management Practices .............. 72 5.3 Proposed IWS Initiatives for Pra and Kakum Basins ........................................ 74 Chapter 6 Water Resources Management Account ........................................................ 76 6.1 Institutional Management Accounts ........................................................................ 76 6.2 Basis of the WRC Water Management Account .................................................. 78 6.3 Sources of Funding of the Account .......................................................................... 78 6.4 Operations of the Account .......................................................................................... 79 6.5 Appropriateness for IWS Purposes .......................................................................... 80 iii Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................ 82 7.1 Findings and Conclusions of the Study .................................................................. 82 7.2 Recommendations for the Way Forward ............................................................... 82 7.2.1 Recommendations for Investments in Watershed Services .................. 82 7.2.2 Recommendations for the WRC and Other Stakeholders ...................... 84 References ........................................................................................................................................ 86 Appendices ........................................................................................................................................ 89 Appendix 1: Contact List of Stakeholders ...................................................................... 89 Appendix 2: Protocol for Institutional Consultation ................................................... 91 Appendix 3: Raw Water Quality Data of Daboase Intake ........................................ 92 Appendix 4: Budgets of WRC .............................................................................................. 93 Appendix 5: Organogram of WRC ................................................................................... 100 Appendix 6: GWCL Water Tanker Prices and Capacities for Some Destinations in Accra 102 Appendix 7: IWS Complementary Initiatives of The Pra And Kakum Basins ... 103 iv Table of Figures Figure 1: Stakeholder Consultation at Owabi Wildlife Sanctuary .................................. 9 Figure 2: Sites Visited in the Pra and Kakum River Basins ........................................... 10 Figure 3: Pra River Basin ...........................................................................................................