en Books published to date in the continuing series o .:: -m -I J> SOVIET ADVANCES IN THE MIDDLE EAST, George Lenczowski, 1971. 176 C pages, $4.00 ;; Explores and analyzes recent Soviet policies in the Middle East in terms of their historical background, ideological foundations and pragmatic application in the 2 political, economic and military sectors. n PRIVATE ENTERPRISE AND SOCIALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST, Howard S. Ellis, m 1970. 123 pages, $3.00 en Summarizes recent economic developments in the Middle East. Discusses the 2- significance of Soviet economic relations with countries in the area and suggests new approaches for American economic assistance. -I :::I: TRADE PATTERNS IN THE MIDDLE EAST, Lee E. Preston in association with m Karim A. Nashashibi, 1970. 93 pages, $3.00 3: Analyzes trade flows within the Middle East and between that area and other areas of the world. Describes special trade relationships between individual -C Middle Eastern countries and certain others, such as Lebanon-France, U.S .S.R.­ C Egypt, and U.S.-Israel. r­ m THE DILEMMA OF ISRAEL, Harry B. Ellis, 1970. 107 pages, $3.00 m Traces the history of modern Israel. Analyzes Israel 's internal political, eco­ J> nomic, and social structure and its relationships with the Arabs, the United en Nations, and the United States. -I JERUSALEM: KEYSTONE OF AN ARAB-ISRAELI SETTLEMENT, Richard H. Pfaff, 1969. 54 pages, $2.00 Suggests and analyzes seven policy choices for the United States. Discusses the religious significance of Jerusalem to Christians, Jews, and Moslems, and points out the cultural gulf between the Arabs of the Old City and the Western­ r oriented Israelis of West Jerusalem. m Z DOCUMENTS ON THE MIDDLE EAST, edited by Ralph H. Magnus, 1969. 229 o pages, $3.00 No A collection of the key documents that explain the development of United States ~ policies in the Middle East. An invaluable reference, it includes official docu­ en ments as well as official explanations, speeches, and letters. A UNITED STATES INTERESTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST, edited by George Len­ czowski, 1968. 129 pages, $3.00 A unique examination of the political, economic, and cultural components of American interests in the Middle East, and a survey of alternative policies in u.s. INTERESTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST SERIES both the public and private sector. Contributors are George Lenczowski, Ralph Magnus, Carl Leiden, and Abdul A. Said; consultants were H. Paul Castleberry, Howard Ellis, Hamdy Loutfi, and Malcolm Kerr. This series is the outgrowth of AEI's Middle East Research Project which is examining questions raised by the deterioration of the United States position in the Middle East. The project director is George Lenczowski, Middle East expert at the University of California, Berkeley. AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RESEARCH 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20036 Job Name:2274816 Date:15-06-23 PDF Page:2274816pbc.p1.pdf Color: PANTONE 143 C PANTONE 653 C THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RESEARCH, estab­ lished in 1943, is a publicly supported, nonpartisan research and educational organization. AEI studies and sponsors research on public policy issues of national and international significance. Its publications are made available to scholars, public officials, the press, the business community, and the public. The institute does not take positions on policy questions. Opinions expressed are those of the authors. Institute publications take three major forms: 1. Legislative and Special Analyses--balanced analyses of current legislative proposals· and special policy issues prepared with the help of specialists from the academic world and the fields of law and government. 2. Studies--in-depth studies of government programs and major national and international problems, written by independent scholars. 3. Rational Debates and Symposia-proceedings of debates, seminars, and conferences where eminent authorities with contrasting views discuss controversial issues. ADVISORY BOARD Paul W. McCracken, Chairman, Edmund Ezra Day Ulliversity Professor of Business Administration, University of Michigan Karl Brandt, Professor of Economic Policy (Emeritus), Stanford University R. H. Coase, Professor of Economics, University of Chicago Milton Friedman, Paul S. Russell Distinguished Service Professor of Economics, University of Chicago Gottfried Haberler, Resident Scholar, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research C. Lowell Harriss, Professor of Economics, Columbia University Loy W. Henderson, Professor of Foreign Relations, A merican University George Lenczowski, Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley Felix Morley, Editor and Author Joseph T. Sneed, Dean, School of Law, Duke University George E. Taylor, Professor of Far Eastern History and Politics, Far Eastern & Russian Institute, University of Washington OFFICERS Carl N. Jacobs, Chairman Henry T. Bodman, Vice Chairman H. C. Lumb, Vice Chairman Herman J. Schmidt, Vice Chairman William J. Baroody, President William G. McClintock, Treasurer SENIOR STAFF Thomas F. Johnson, Director of Research Joseph G. Butts, Director of Legislative Analysis Sam S. Crutchfield, Assistant to the President for Administration Anne Brunsdale, Director of Publications Waldo H. Dubberstein, Director of International Studies Morton Blackwell, Director of Computer Operations Earl H. Voss, Assistant to the President for Special Operations SOVIET ADVANCES IN THE MIDDLE EAST Presented by the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research as the seventh study within the framework of the Middle East Research Project, George Lenczowski, director. SOVIET ADVANCES IN THE MIDDLE EAST GEORGE LENCZOWSKI American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Washington, D.C. 20036 Distributed to the Trade by National Book Network, 15200 NBN Way, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214. To order call toll free 1-800-462-6420 or 1-717-794-3800. For all other inquiries please contact the AEI Press, 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 or call 1-800-862-5801. George Lenczowski is professor of political science at the University of California, Berkeley. Foreign Affairs Study 2, February 1972 Price $4.00 per copy © 1971 by American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C. Permission to quote from or to reproduce materials in this publication is granted when due acknowledgment is made. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. L.e. 78-186300 To Loy W. Henderson, a true statesman, in tribute to his wisdom and courage. CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION 1 1. DOCTRINAL FOUNDATIONS ............................ 5 Lenin's and Stalin's Contributions ........................ 6 The Stalin-Zhdanov Doctrine: Rigid Bipolarity ............. 11 Doctrinal Evolution Since Khrushchev .................... 13 The Post-Khrushchev Era .............................. 18 Conclusion .......................................... 21 II. IRAN: FROM SUBVERSION TO AID AND TRADE 23 Direct Soviet Threat to Iran's Independence: the Azerbaijan Crisis, 1945-47 ...................... 24 Russia and the Oil Crisis, 1951-53 ...................... 27 Moscow versus Consolidation of the Western-Iranian Alliance. 30 Wooing Iran Toward Neutralism. .. 31 III. TURKEY: TOWARD NORMALIZATION. 37 World War I Aftermath: Negative Community of Interests. 37 World War II: Soviet Designs and Turkish Fears. 38 Explicit Statement of Soviet Aspirations ................... 40 The Pan-Turanian Question ............................ 43 The Mid-1940s: Soviet Territorial Demands ............... 45 Building Ties with the West ............................ 46 Moscow-Ankara: a New Phase in the 1960s ............... 49 The Cyprus Issue and Turkish-American Frictions .......... 50 Soviet Overtures and Advances .......................... 51 IV. SOVIET ADVANCES IN THE ARAB WORLD .............. 55 Russia and Arab Nationalism. 55 Focus on Arab Radical Regimes ........................ 59 Arms Deliveries ...................................... 60 Cultural Offensive: Exchange Scholarships. 61 Soviet-Oriented Cultural Events ......................... 64 Soviet Information Media .............................. 65 Issue of Fraternization . 67 Complicating Factors in Soviet-Arab Relations ............. 68 V. EGYPT: EXPANDING RELATIONS ...... " . .. ... 75 Moscow-Cairo: General Political Framework .............. 75 Convergence of Soviet and Egyptian Policies ............... 78 Soviet Gains from Egyptian-American Estrangement ......... 81 Egyptian Communists-An Uncertain Factor .. .. 85 Soviet-Egyptian Economic Cooperation . .. 91 The High Aswan Dam ................................ 93 Steel and Oil ........................................ 98 VI. SYRIA: AID AND IDEOLOGY ........................... 101 The Post-Shishakli Period: Ties with Russia and Communist Advances ... .. 102 The Period of Syro-Egyptian Union, 1958-61 .............. 106 Syria's Secessionist Regime, 1961-63 ..................... 109 Baath Rule, 1963-66 . .. 111 The Left-Wing Baath Period, 1966-70 .................... 113 The Assad Regime: a Cautious Turn Toward Moderation .... 117 The Euphrates Dam .................................. 120 VII. IRAQ: POTENCY OF THE COMMUNIST FACTOR ........ 125 The Prerevolutionary Era (prior to 1958) ................. 126 The Kassem Period (July 14, 1958-February 8, 1963) ..... 128 The First Baath Period (February-November 1963) . .. 136 The First Aref Period (November 1963-April 1966) ...... 137 The Second Aref Period (April 1966-July 1968) .........