10 THE FISHES of THE EXE ESTUARY 143 Potts & Swaby (1993) THE FISHES OF THE EXE ESTUARY 10.1 Introduction The Exe estuary is situated in south east Devon. It is largely rural although there are centres of population sited at each end, at Exeter and Exmouth. The estuary is approximately 10 krn long and between 1 and 2 krn wide at high water. The area covered at high tide is over 1,370 ha,, at low tide this is reduced to 400 ha. The channel which remains at low tide is less than 500 rn. wide. This restricted flow causes rapid currents through it. The estuary is sheltered and has a double spit across the estuary mouth which is both low and unstable. The mean tidal range is 3.8 m. at spring tides and 1.5 m, for neap tides, The salinity is reduced throughout the estuary (Devon County Council, 1975; Dixon, 1985; Davidson et al., 1991) The areas between Exmouth and Straight Point have been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), the area west of the estuary is within a Coastal Preservation Area and an area of 429 ha. is designated to a wild bird sanctuary (Devon County Council, 1975). The whole estuary is considered an SSSI and ;f primary marine biological interest for its wide range of habitats (Davies et al., 1990). The estuary is of international importance for its wintering populations of waders and wildfowl, with a special study having been carried out on oystercatchers (Dixon, 1985). 10.2 Estuarine Habitats Predominant substrata is mud at the estuary head and clean sand/gravels at the mouth with areas of mixed deposits in between. Sediments have been derived from marine and riverine inputs. There are areas of fine sand with various mixtures of mud, which have been deposited to form sand banks and mud flats. (Holrne, 1949) There are rocky intertidal areas and the channel bed is current swept sands. Zosfe.ra beds have been reduced since the survey of Allen & Todd, 1902. Fishes have been recorded in areas of mud, sand and gravel. (Allen & Todd, 1902; Dixon, 1985). 10.3 Fish lists The most comprehensive fish list from the Exe Estuary is given in Allen & Tadd (1902). Other, more recent records are mainly on abundant and commercial spxies. (Dixon, 1986; Driver, pers. comrn. 1992; Davies, pers' comm, 1992; Friend, pers. comrn. 1993). The number of fish species recorded from the Exe Estuary is 39 (see Table 10.1) 145 Potts & Swaby (1993) 10.4 Fish and fisheries Fishing used to take place all year round using deep water seines, but there is little commercial fishing within the estuary apart from netting far salmon, trout and eels (Devon County Council, 1975; Dixon, 1985, Friend, pers. comm. 1993)). Salmon (SnImo snlrrr) and sea trout (Snlmo truttn) were commercially fished using seines, The sport fishery is mainly contained in the upper estuary, Catches of salmon and sea trout since 1969 have been adversely affected by ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) (Allen &Todd, 1902; Devon County Council, 1975). There is a small fishery for eels (Aizguilfn nnguilla) (Dixon, 1985). The Exe Estuary is a nursery for bass (Dice~trn~chu~Inbmx) which are predominant in the lower reaches. (Kelley, 1988; Davies, pers, comrn. 1992). Flounder (Platichthys flews) are common in the estuary and are regularly angled (Davies, pers. comm. 1992). Plaice (Pleuronectes p2ntessn) were very common in the Salthouse Lake area and along the shore above the mouth of the Lake at low water (Allen & Todd, 1902). They now appear to be restricted to the lower area around the Warren and Exmouth front (Davies, pers, comm. 1992). The Exe is a plaice nursery (Driver, pers. comm. 1992). Thick-lipped grey mullet (Cheloiz labrosus) feeds in the estuary at all states of the tide and is found mainly in summer between May and August (Driver, pers. comm. 1992). The sand goby (Pornafoschistus minutus) is by far the most common goby in the estuary and was present in almost every haul of the mosquito net (Allen & Todd, 1902). Pollack (PolIachius pollnchius), saithe (Pollachius virens), conger eel (Conger conger), and mackerel (Scornher scornbrus) are regularly caught in the commercial harbour and pier area (Davies, pers. comm. 1992). The allis shad (Alosn nlosa) and twaite shad (Alosn fnflnx) are very infrequently caught in nets and may possibly spawn in the Exe (Driver, pers. comrn. 1992). 144 Potts & Swaby (1993) 10.5 Impacts Exmouth has a dock and provides mooring for commercial and recreational craft, Although, relatively few ships use the estuary for commercial purposes as many are restricted by shallowness of the estuary. The cargoes handled at Exeter and Exrnouth include coal, timber, grain, feedstuffs, fertilizer and cement. Several small boat building businesses operate from Exmouth, Starcross, and Topsham (Devon County Council, 1975; Dixon, 1985). Commercial fishing is restricted to a small fleet of boats from the Exe Estuary, from Exrnouth, Topsham and Lympstone. The main fishing grounds are outside the estuary. There are processing works associated with the fishing industry, two wholesalers and two processing shellfish. (Dixon, 1985). A shellfish fishery exists for mussels and winkles, but current use of the Exe Estuary mussel stocks is minor, although some are caged and grown an. The old scallop fishery outside the estuary is much reduced (Dixon, 1985). Sewage and storm drains flow into the Exe from the Culm and lower Exe catchments. It receives all the treated effluent from seven population centres in the' region via the Rivers Exe, Clyst and Kenn, plus settlements discharging directly into it. A treatment works at Countess Weir digests sludge, which is dumped in Lyme Bay. At Exmouth a primary treatment plant discharges effluent from an outfall near Maer Rocks, but only on ebb tides. During the summer months there is considerable discharge of waste and raw sewage from recreational craft (Devon County Council, 1975). Industrial effluents. There are no industrial activities bordering the estuary producing aqueous effluents. Harbours, sailing clubs, and boat repair yards release chronic low levels inputs of oil, petroleum, and anti fouling paints, although current levels of TBT are below the detection limit (Dixon, 1985). Agricultural catchment industries include dairy farmers, market gardens, and mixed farming (Dixon, 1985), Recreational activities. The estuary is a major recreational area, with over 30 organisations having a direct interest in the use of the estuary and its shores. Activities include sailing, motor boating, fishing, water skiing, power boat racing, canoeing, wind surfing, SCUBA diving and swimming, Potential threats include proposals to build marina facilities in the estuary. Some activities are believed to affect the operation of the commercial migratory fishery these are sailing, boating and water skiing. (Devon County Council, 1975; Dixon, 1985). Angling for sea fish is popular both in and outside the estuary, many anglers are visitors in summer (Dixon, 1985). Bait digging for fishing in the estuary is for polychaetes and 'peeler' crabs. Sandeels (Awzmodytes sp.) are trawled for bait (Dixon, 1985), 147 Potts & Swaby (1993) Educational activities include fieldwork for local schools and colleges. Exeter University, Rolle College and other educational establishments use the estuary for recreational activities (Devon County Council, 1975; Dixon, 1985). Heavy metals levels are given in Burt ct d.(1992). 10.6 Water quality Migratory fish returning to the Exe system, may be influenced by adverse water quality, and thereby affect the commercial and sport fishing, but it is felt that this is unlikely following improvements to the water quality (Devon County Council, 1975) In recent years following improvement in the treatment of sewage there have been improvements in water quality, although it is still only graded "fair" in the region of Exeter (NU, 1991)(see Figure lO.l)+ Recent surveys of a number of variables and pollutants indicated that rather few data were available before 1990. (Edmondson & Watts, 1992). 10.7 Summary The Exe Estuary is of considerable nature conservation importance for its wintering population of waders and wildfowl+ A number of commercial fisheries exist and angling is a popular sport. Typical estuarine species are found and the estuary provides important feeding and nursery grounds for a number of species, Recent improvements in the way effluent discharges are treated will contribute to the improvement of the water environment. 10.8 Recommendations It is recommended that: 1. rigorous efforts are maintained to improve water quality and especially relating to the discharges in the Exeter area. 2. a detailed survey of the distribution of commercial and non commercial fishes be carried out. 148 Potts & Swaby (1993) 10.9 References Allen E.J. & Todd, R.A, 1902. The fauna of the Exe Estuary. Jouriznl of the Mariize Biologicid Associatioii of the United Kingdom, 6, 295-335. Devon County Council. 1975. County Planning Department. Exe estuary study: a study prepared by the Devon County Council to investigate the recreational use and potential of the Exe estuary. 42p. Exeter, Devon County Council. Dixon, I.M.T. 1985. Surveys of harbours rias and estuaries in southern Britain. Exe Estuary. 64p. Peterborough. Nature Conservancy Council. Holme, N,A. 1949. The fauna of sand and mud banks near the mouth of the Exe Estuary. Journd of the Marine Biological Associatioiz of She United Kingdom, 28,189-238. Kelley, D, 1988. The importance of estuaries for sea-bass Dicmtmrchus lrzbrnx (L.), Jourrzd of Fish Biology, 33 (Supplement A), 25-33,