Letting in The Jungle: An Analysis of the Translation History of Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Books and its Implications concerning Opinions on the Child and Society throughout Modern History Alexandra Kist 3705919 Master’s Thesis RMA Literair Vertalen Universiteit Utrecht Supervisor: Cees Koster Second Reader: Onno Kosters 1 INHOUDSOPGAVE Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: Translation History ................................................................................. 10 1.1 Importance of translation history ..................................................................... 10 1.2 Translating for children...................................................................................... 11 - 1.2.1. Children’s Books in the Time of The Jungle Book .............................. 12 - 1.2.1.1 The English Speaking World ................................................ 12 - 1.2.1.2 The Dutch Speaking World ................................................... 14 - 1.2.1.3 The Jungle Book as a Classic .................................................... 15 1.3 Different Kinds of Translations of The Jungle Book in Dutch ........................ 17 - 1.3.1 Analysis of Translation History .......................................................... 18 - 1.3.1.1 Unabridged Direct Translations ........................................... 19 - 1.3.1.2 Abridged Direct Translations ............................................... 20 - 1.3.1.3 Indirect Translations .............................................................. 21 - 1.3.1.4 Intersemiotic Translations ..................................................... 22 - 1.3.2 Implications ............................................................................................ 22 1.4 Disney as a Vision on The Jungle Book .............................................................. 24 - 1.4.1 Plot of the Disney Movie ...................................................................... 25 - 1.4.2 Differences between Kipling and Disney .......................................... 26 - 1.4.3 Effect of Disney on Translation History ............................................. 27 Chapter 2: Source Text Analysis .............................................................................. 29 2.1 About the Author ................................................................................................ 29 2.2 Source Text ........................................................................................................... 31 2 - 2.2.1 Brief Summary ....................................................................................... 34 - 2.2.1.1 The Mowgli Stories in The First Jungle Book ........................ 34 - 2.2.1.2 The Mowgli Stories in The Second Jungle Book ..................... 35 - 2.2.1.3 Other Stories in The First Jungle Book.................................... 36 - 2.2.1.4 Other Stories in The Second Jungle Book ................................ 37 2.3 Child Image .......................................................................................................... 37 - 2.3.1 Child Image in the Source Culture ..................................................... 37 - 2.3.2 The Child in the Victorian Era ............................................................. 39 - 2.3.3 Mowgli .................................................................................................... 41 2.4 Cultures, Readership and Dimensions ............................................................... 43 - 2.4.1 Cultures and Readership ...................................................................... 43 - 2.4.1.1 India .......................................................................................... 44 - 2.4.1.2 Great Britain ............................................................................ 46 - 2.4.1.3 The Jungle ................................................................................ 47 - 2.4.2 The Dimensions ..................................................................................... 49 - 2.4.2.1 The Child’s World .................................................................. 49 - 2.4.2.2 The Fable .................................................................................. 50 - 2.4.2.3 The Exotic ................................................................................. 51 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................ 52 3.1 Translating Children’s Books ............................................................................ 52 3.2 Translating Colonialism in Children’s Books ................................................. 54 3.3 The Search and Complications .......................................................................... 58 3.4 Corpus .................................................................................................................. 60 3 3.5 The Process of Analyzing .................................................................................. 60 3.6 Parameters of Comparison ................................................................................ 61 3.7 Reading Levels .................................................................................................... 63 3.8 Brief Overview of Methodology ....................................................................... 64 Chapter 4. Analysis of Chosen Unabridged Direct Translations ...................... 66 4.1 Het Jungleboek, translated by Ernst van Altena ............................................... 66 - 4.1.1 Context .................................................................................................... 67 - 4.1.2 Paratext ................................................................................................... 68 - 4.1.3 Text .......................................................................................................... 68 - 4.1.3.1 Poetry ........................................................................................ 69 - 4.1.3.2 Prose ......................................................................................... 70 - 4.1.4 Translation profile ................................................................................. 71 - 4.1.4.1 Reading level ........................................................................... 72 4.2 Het Jungleboek, translated by Jan and Michiel Duyvewaert ......................... 73 - 4.2.1 Context .................................................................................................... 75 - 4.2.2 Paratext ................................................................................................... 76 - 4.2.3 Text .......................................................................................................... 76 - 4.2.4 Translation profile ................................................................................. 79 - 4.2.4.1 Reading level ........................................................................... 80 4.3 Comparison of Unabridged Direct Translations ............................................ 80 Chapter 5: Analysis of Chosen Abridged Direct Translations .......................... 82 5.1 “Het wonder van Poeroen Bhagat,” translated by Guus Söteman ............. 82 - 5.1.1 Context ........................................................................................................ 82 4 - 5.1.2 Paratext ................................................................................................... 83 - 5.1.3 Text .......................................................................................................... 84 - 5.1.3.1 Poetry ........................................................................................ 85 - 5.1.3.2 Prose ......................................................................................... 88 - 5.1.4 Translation profile ................................................................................. 95 - 5.1.4.1 Reading level ........................................................................... 95 5.2 “Tijger! Tijger!” translated by Arthur Tervooren .......................................... 97 - 5.2.1 Context .................................................................................................... 98 - 5.2.2 Paratext ................................................................................................... 99 - 5.2.3 Text .......................................................................................................... 99 - 5.2.4 Translation profile ............................................................................... 104 - 5.2.4.1 Reading level ......................................................................... 105 5.3 Comparison of Abridged Direct Translations .............................................. 106 Chapter 6: Analysis of Chosen Indirect Translations ........................................ 108 6.1 Jungle Boek: Mowgli’s verhaal, translated by Andrea Princen-Hagen ........ 108 - 6.1.1 Context ...................................................................................................... 108 - 6.1.2 Paratext ................................................................................................. 109 - 6.1.3 Text ........................................................................................................ 109 - 6.1.4 Translation profile ..............................................................................