“Protecting Sports Integrity: Sport corruption risk management strategies” Thesis by Published Works submitted for the degree 180JA Doctor of Philosophy in Health (8703 Thesis) Catherine Ordway u3094835 University of Canberra Author Note: This PhD has been completed with the support of a Commonwealth HDR RTP Fees Offset and a University of Canberra HDR student allocatio n for RTS and conference funding i Protecting Sports Integrity: Sport corruption strategies CATHERINE ORDWAY Abstract Doping, match-fixing and corruption are challenges to the integrity of sport. Rather than imagining that there is a single “magic wand” solution, drawing on lessons from other industries and contexts, the culture of corruption rife in both Olympic and professional sports can instead be tackled through a range of tools. Inspired by the idea of “moral repair”, and the Ethics of Care approach, a number of risk reduction strategies, including: engaging in collaborative partnerships with law enforcement, strengthening legislative and regulatory frameworks, prioritising athlete welfare and supporting good governance, including promoting gender equality and ethical leadership, have been outlined. Keywords: sport; integrity; corruption; governance; ethics; gender; collaboration; welfare ii Protecting Sports Integrity: Sport corruption strategies CATHERINE ORDWAY Table of Contents Title Page i Abstract ii Form B (Certificate of Authorship of Thesis) iii Table of Contents iv Preface and Acknowledgements vi List of Publications ix 1. Over-view and Introduction: Sports Integrity Definitions and Solutions 1 Chapter 1 Over-view and Introduction Publication #1: Ordway, C. and Opie, H. (2017). Integrity and corruption in sport. 2. Good Governance: independence and gender equality Chapter 2 Over-view Publication #2: Nehme, M. and Ordway, C. (2016). Governance and Anti-Doping: Beyond the Fox and the Hen House. Publication #3: “Gender Equality Achieved Through Love: promoting an Ethics of Care [EoC] Approach in Football (FFA)” [manuscript ready to be published]. 3. Partnerships: information-sharing and inter-agency collaboration Chapter 3 Over-view Publication #4: Ordway, C. (2013). Why Being a World Leader Means Staying Ahead of the Game: Supporting ASADA’S Enhanced Powers. Publication #5: Ordway, C. (2017). Police and investigative co-operation on match- fixing: the Australian experience. 4. Legislation and Regulatory Measures: National and International Chapter 4 Over-view Publication #6: Ordway, C. (2013). Doping: ACC Report: Why ASADA Needs Teeth. Publication #7: Ordway, C. (2018). Sports Integrity: Legislating into a Position of Strength. Publication #8: Passas, N. and Ordway, C. (2016). Sports Corruption: Justice and Accountability through the Use of the UNCAC and the UNTOC. 5. Asset Protection (Athlete Welfare): Financial Security and Inclusion Chapter 5 Over-view iv Protecting Sports Integrity: Sport corruption strategies CATHERINE ORDWAY Publication #9: Ordway, C. (2014). Why this Australian Supported Germany to Win the World Cup. Publication #10: Ordway, C. (2018). Does sex segregated sport still hold value? 6. Conclusion: Recommendations and Afterword Annexure A: Administrative Documentation Annexure B: Additional Publications Annexure C: Conference Presentations Annexure D: Media Interviews v “Protecting Sports Integrity: Sport corruption risk management strategies” CATHERINE ORDWAY Preface and Acknowledgements The life of a writer is absolute hell compared with the life of a businessman. The writer has to force himself to work. He has to make his own hours and if he doesn’t go to his desk at all there is nobody to scold him. A person is a fool to become a writer. His only compensation is absolute freedom. Dahl, R. (1984). Boy: Tales of Childhood. London: Jonathan Cape p222-223 For anyone who has attempted a PhD, then you know that the expression: ‘it takes a village to raise a child’ equally applies to the PhD candidate on the long journey to final submission. Unlike Roald Dahl, who was permitted the luxury of escaping to his writer’s cottage at the bottom of the garden, emerging only at the ring of a bell for the magical appearance of meals and clean and ‘shushed’ children, my experience resonated more with that described by Kathy Lette (2019) who exclaimed: “I think that any mother who manages to finish a novel should get the Booker prize just because she finished that goddamn thing!”1 Squeezing this writing in and around life, plus consulting, teaching and travelling to produce a final product is prize enough. I am very grateful to numerous family, friends, colleagues and students who encouraged me, gave me ideas, sent me articles and talked me through the ups and downs. The overwhelming feeling left from the experience is how privileged I am to have been surrounded by a very large, inter-connected group of well-wishers who believed in me, and believed it was possible to see this massive undertaking through. Thank you to my glorious international garden of goodwill! A huge hug of a thank you is reserved for my Mum, Wendy. My mother came from a family of sporty women; my Grandma and her sisters played representative hockey for my home town of Whyalla, South Australia, and, like me, my mum played A-Grade and representative tennis and netball in her youth. Mum encouraged me to play sport; ferrying me around to various training sessions, coaching camps, and tournaments, standing for hours on the sidelines in all weather, and hitting me baskets of tennis balls. From before I was old enough to play competitive sport, I remember watching my Mum at netball and tennis, or from the back of the squash courts with my brother, Ben. My Dad, Bill, brought home our first colour TV in time for the opening ceremony of the Moscow 1980 Olympic Games, and I was mesmerised. My parents planted the seed for my fascination for sport, for hard work, a drive to always do your best with the talents you have, and an over-riding desire for fairness, which I have carried with me throughout my life: “Nothing is impossible!”. 1 “Kathy Lette on motherhood and women writers”, A Podcast of One's Own with Julia Gillard, episode 2, 27 June 2019, Global Institute for Women's Leadership, King's College London https://www.kcl.ac.uk/giwl/podcast (at 20mins approx) vi “Protecting Sports Integrity: Sport corruption risk management strategies” CATHERINE ORDWAY My next group of thank yous are for my kaleidoscope of formal and informal supervisors. I am grateful to my original primary supervisor, Allan Edwards, for first suggesting that I could do my PhD: to create a “bonsai” project and to “follow the bouncing ball”! To John Dodd and Anthony Beaton for agreeing to be on my first supervisory panel. Thank you to Vanessa McDermott, for reading my draft chapters and for bringing her anti-doping “moral panic” sociology expertise, and to James Skinner for introducing me to his Loughborough University students. Thank you to all the friends and colleagues who read various drafts of my papers, gave guest lectures, triggered good ideas without knowing it, nagged, encouraged, poked and provoked, lent me your guest rooms/ counches, and/or were included in robust discussions via email, Twitter, LinkedIn, and ideally, glasses of red wine and/ or dark chocolate – a big thank you! A special thank you is reserved for Adele Pavlidis for encouraging me to submit by publication, which has been life-changing! Thank you to the intelligent and pragmatic women who sit on national and international sports boards, who agreed to be interviewed and so cannot be named, and whose ideas are further explored, and peppered throughout, each of my articles. Thank you to my examiners, and to my advisor, David Pyne. Most of all, I am grateful to ethicist, Richard Lucas, my stand-in primary supervisor, who is still not quite sure how he has managed to end up being so involved. Richard started out, with the wonderful Kim Rubenstein from the Australian National University, as my confirmation seminar examiners. Richard: I owe you a special thanks for living the Ethics of Care - it is you who cajoled, encouraged, badgered and challenged me every step of the way over the years. Thank you! Thank you to my brilliant mentor and ‘Uncle’ Hayden Opie who, on the back of the Masters course we created at The University of Melbourne, “Sports Integrity & Investigations”, we co-authored the book chapter that has become the backbone of this thesis. It was Hayden and Tracey Green, from Charles Sturt University, who provided references to support my PhD application and kick off this journey. To my other colleagues at The University of Melbourne, La Trobe University (especially Emma Sherry and the Professors of Practice), the University of New South Wales (especially Richard Redman), Charles Sturt University, and the University of Canberra (especially Jennie Scarvell, Rae Butler, Dean Michelle Lincoln, Tracey Dickson, Stirling Sharpe, the Health Admin team, the Faculty of Health Research office, and Dr Mel and the HDR “Shut Up & Write” students), thank you. Thank you to my students, and conference organisers, who allowed me to test my ideas. Thank you to my other co-authors, Marina Nehme, law enforcement advisor Phil Van Dissel, and to Nikos vii “Protecting Sports Integrity: Sport corruption risk management strategies” CATHERINE ORDWAY Passas. Nikos introduced me to the Anti-Corruption Academic Initiative, and the world of the United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime (UNODC), which led to my involvement in the Education for Justice initiative. Thank you to Sigall Horowitz, Ronan O’Laoire, Maria Adomeit, and to Dimitris Vlassis who will be missed. The UNODC community provides a wonderful learning environment, filled with gifted and passionate people, similarly engaged in having a positive impact on the next generation of leaders. One of the many incredibly generous people I met through the UNODC is Speedy Rice. Speedy facilitated and arranged for me to further my studies via a Visiting Scholarship at Washington & Lee University, Virginia USA.