GDISC MIGRATION AND CRIME WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON INTER -AGENCY COOPERATION FINAL REPORT PREPARED FOR THE GDISC MIGRATION & CRIME CONFERENCE SOFIA , 18 – 20 JUNE 2008 Prevention of and Fight Against Crime 2007 With financial support from the Prevention of and Fight Against Crime Programme European Commission - Directorate-General Justice, Freedom And Security 1 I. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................8 II. METHODOLOGY AND STATE-OF-AFFAIRS...........................................................................8 1. MIGRATION, CRIME AND SECURITY.....................................................................................10 1.1. THE CONCEPT OF ‘MIGRATION AND CRIME ’............................................................................12 1.2. THE IMPACT OF SPECIFIC AREAS OF MIGRATION ON THE ISSUE OF ‘MIGRATION AND CRIME ’................................................................................................................................................13 1.3. CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................18 2. POLICIES AND MEASURES IN THE CONTEXT OF ‘MIGRATION AND CRIME............19 2.1. POLICIES ADDRESSING THE MIGRATION -CRIME NEXUS .......................................................19 2.1.1. Conclusions .................................................................................................................23 2.2. SPECIFIC MEASURES TO TACKLE IRREGULAR MIGRATION , TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AND HUMAN SMUGGLING ..........................................................................................................................24 2.2.1. Conclusions .................................................................................................................25 2.3. PRE -FRONTIER MEASURES ......................................................................................................26 2.3.1. Visa requirements .....................................................................................................26 2.3.2. Risk profiles for certain migrant categories....................................................27 2.3.3. Pre-boarding documentation checks in countries of origin and transit countries ....................................................................................................................................28 2.3.4. Police cooperation with and Liaison Officers in countries of origin and transit countries ......................................................................................................................29 2.3.5. Conclusions ...............................................................................................................325 2.4. BORDER MANAGEMENT MEASURES ........................................................................................34 2.4.1. Increased border controls ......................................................................................34 2.4.2. Strengthened border control equipment ..........................................................35 2.4.3. Biometric data and enhanced security features for travel documents .38 2.4.4. Special training for border guards ......................................................................40 2.4.5. Conclusions .................................................................................................................42 2.5. POST -ENTRY MEASURES .....................................................................................................43 2.5.1. Internal identity controls ........................................................................................43 2.5.2. Workplace inspections .............................................................................................43 2.5.3. Welfare fraud control ...............................................................................................45 2.5.4. Controls directed at potential recruiters of victims of human trafficking and the issue of fake marriages .......................................................................................46 2.5.5. Conclusions .................................................................................................................47 2.6. INFORMATION GATHERING AND EXCHANGE MECHANISMS ..............................................48 2.6.1. Joint databases, standing information and consultation mechanisms at national level ............................................................................................................................48 2.6.2. Joint databases, standing information and consultation mechanisms at international level ..................................................................................................................53 2.6.3. Conclusions .................................................................................................................57 3. AGENCIES, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ‘MIGRATION AND CRIME’ .......................................................................................................................................58 3.1. RESPONSIBILITIES ...................................................................................................................58 3.1.1. Police and immigration services ..........................................................................59 3.1.2. Border guards, customs and intelligence services .......................................61 3.2. CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................61 4. SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS AND GOOD PRACTICES OF INTER-AGENCY COOPERATION..................................................................................................................................62 4.1. SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR INTER -AGENCY COOPERATION IN PLACE FOR DEALING WITH THE CRIME ASPECTS INVOLVED IN MIGRATION ...............................................................................62 4.2. GOOD PRACTICES OF INTER -AGENCY COOPERATION ...........................................................64 2 4.2.1. At national level .........................................................................................................64 4.2.2. At international level ................................................................................................65 4.3. REASONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF GOOD PRACTICES .............................................................65 4.4. SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN RELATION TO INTER -AGENCY COOPERATION ON A NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL LEVEL INVOLVING THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION IN RELATION TO ADDRESSING MIGRATION AND CRIME .............................................................................................66 4.5. USEFUL ASSISTANCE IN ADDRESSING ENCOUNTERED PROBLEMS .......................................66 4.6. CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................67 5. SPECIFIC PROCEDURES, PRACTICES OR ARRANGEMENTS IN PLACE FOR DEALING WITH VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS .....................................68 5.1. IMMIGRATION PROCEDURES FOR THE NRM ..........................................................................68 5.2. LAW ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES FOR THE NRM .................................................................68 5.3. SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR MINORS ..................................................................................69 5.4. CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................70 6. OUTLOOK .......................................................................................................................................71 6.1. CHANGES PLANNED WITH REGARD TO THE ARRANGEMENTS IN THE AREA OF MIGRATION AND CRIME ........................................................................................................................................71 6.2. PERCEIVED MAIN CHALLENGES IN THE AREA OF MIGRATION AND CRIME AT THE DOMESTIC , EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL LEVELS ......................................................................................................72 6.2.1. At the domestic level ...............................................................................................73 6.2.2. At the European level ..............................................................................................73 6.2.3. At the global level .....................................................................................................74 6.3. ROLE OF THE GDISC NETWORK ............................................................................................74 6.3. CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................75 III. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................76 3 Preface The General Directors’ Immigration Services Conference (GDISC) network initiates, co-ordinates and improves practical co-operation between Immigration Services of its 33 Member States (The 27 EU Member States, Candidate Countries - Croatia, Turkey and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia -, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland). This year was the first time that the GDISC Network