37741 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 37741 The World Bank Group GEOGRAPHY ECONOMY / SOCIETY 1818 H Street, N. W. Country Of ce Manila Area: Total ..................................... 300,000 sq. km GDP (2005) .................................................. 5,379 B Washington D. C. 20433, U.S.A. 23rd Floor, The Taipan Place Land ..................................... 298,170 sq. km GDP growth rate (2005) ..................................5.1% Tel: 202-473-1000 F. Ortigas Jr. Ave. (formerly Emerald Ave.) Water ....................................... 1,830 sq. km GDP – composition by sector: Fax:202-477-6391 Ortigas Center, Pasig City, Philippines Boundaries: Agriculture ................................................14% www.worldbank.org Tel: 63-2-637-5855 to 64 North: Balintang Channel Industry .....................................................33% Fax:63-2-637-5870; 917-3050 South: Sulu and Celebes Seas Services ......................................................53% www.worldbank.org.ph East: Philippine Sea/Pacific Ocean Unemployment rate (2005): ..........................10.3% West: South China Sea Gross Domestic Investment/GDP: ..............15.7% December 2005 Coastline: .............................................. 36,289 km Exports of goods and services/GDP: ...........46.4% Maritime claims: Gross domestic savings/GDP: .....................20.1% Total territorial water area incl. Gross national savings/GDP: .......................18.2% Exclusive Economic Zone . 2,200,000 sq. km Industrial production growth rate: ...............5.3% Coastal ................................. 266,000 sq. km Agricultural production growth rate: ...........2.0% Oceanic ............................. 1,934,000 sq. km Agriculture-products: rice, coconut, corn, Continental shelf area .......... 184,600 sq. km sugarcane, banana, hog, broiler chicken, Climate: Tropical: northeast monsoon layer chicken, carabao, beef cattle, dairy (Nov. to April); southwest monsoon cattle, duck, goat, chicken eggs, duck The Philippines The Philippines The Philippines (May to October) sardines, milkfish, oyster, mussels, tilapia, Environment Monitor 2000 Environment Monitor 2002 Environment Monitor 2004 Terrain: Mostly mountains, with narrow to catfish, tuna, shrimps, seaweed presented snapshots of the on air quality. provided updates on the state general environmental trends of the Philippine environment extensive coastal lowlands Exports (2005): .....................................PhP2,496.6 B in the country. The Philippines The Philippines and natural resources. Elevation extremes: Imports (2005): ....................................PhP2,533.9 B Environment Monitor 2001 Environment Monitor 2003 on solid waste management. on water quality. Lowest point ................. Philippine Sea 0 m Exchange Rate:......................................... 54.04 PhP Highest point ....................Mt. Apo 2,954 m Population (2005): ............................... 85.2 million Natural resources: timber, nickel, cobalt, silver, Population growth rate: ..................................2.2% This document was prepared by a World Bank Team composed of Mdmes./Messrs. Bebet Gozun, Anna van der Heijden, gold, salt, copper, petroleum Urban population (% of total population): ....62.6 Jitendra Shah (Task Team Leader), Maria Consuelo Sy, Josefo Tuyor, Maya G. Villaluz. The NORDECO team who Land use: Birth rate (2003): .................25.1/1,000 population assisted in drafting this report include: Arne Jensen, Aage Jørgensen, Flora Santos Leocadio, Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio, Rina Maria Rosales, Alan White. The Hotspot maps produced were provided by Jessie Floren while the photographs were Arable land ..............................................19% Death rate (2003): .................5.1/1,000 population provided by: Finn Danielsen, Luna Ipat, Arne Jensen, Ingvar Bundgaard Jensen, Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio, and Alan Permanent pastures ................................. 4% Infant mortality rate (2003): ...27/1,000 live birth White. The document was peer reviewed by Messrs. Marea Hatziolos, Idah Pswarayi-Riddihough, Gilbert Braganza and Permanent crops .....................................12% Access to safe water Ronald Zweig of The World Bank. Overall management and technical guidance provided by Mdmes./Messrs Joachim von Forest & wetlands ...................................46% Amsberg, Teresa Serra, Magda Lovei, and Dan Biller are gratefully acknowledged. (% of population 2003): ........................80%** Others .....................................................19% Access to sanitation Ms. Anju Sachdeva coordinated the cover design (by Mr. James Cantrell), layout, and production. The document was printed at Raintree Trading & Publishing Corp., Metro Manila, Philippines Environment – International agreements: (% of population 2003): .....................86.1%** party to: Climate Change, Endangered Life expectancy at birth (2003): .............69.8 years This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily re ect the views of the Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Literacy (total population 2003): ...................92.3% Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Elementary participation rate (2003): ..........90.1% accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any Layer Protection, Biodiversity, Wetlands, National capital: Manila map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Whaling, POPs Administrative divisions (July 2004): 17 regions, 79 provinces The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Independence: June 12, 1898 encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Sources: National Statistical Coordination Board, National Statistics Of ce, National Economic and Development Authority, Medium Term Philippine Development Plan 2001-2004 and Medium Term Development Plan 2004-2010, CIA Worldbook 2000, Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, World Health Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978- Organization 2004, World Development Indicator 2000, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. PEMFinal.indb 61 26/07/2006 07:43:47 PHILIPPINES ENVIRONMENT MONITOR 2005 Foreword ................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ iii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. iv Scorecard ................................................................................................................................... vi Hot Spot Maps .......................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................. xi 1. PHILIPPINE COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES: AN INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 Thousands of islands An abundance of species Importance of coastal ecosystems Resources of signi cant value Other ecosystem services 2. RESOURCES AND ECOSYSTEMS .............................................................................. 7 Coral reefs: “Rainforests of the sea” Mangroves: a multiple-function resource Seagrass beds, a vital resource for underwater life Beaches, foreshore, and shoreline areas Fisheries Overshing and declining sh stocks Biodiversity 3. COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES UNDER PRESSURE .............................. 21 Agriculture and forestry Urban and industrial development Tourism development Oil and gas exploration Minerals and mining Population growth and sh consumption Climate change 4. COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURES AND LOCAL LIVELIHOODS ............... 30 Social conditions Gender and coastal resources management Lessons learned and opportunities: Improving local livelihoods 5. LEGISLATION, POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS, AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................ 38 Legislation and institutions Sector policies and plans Integrated coastal resource management 6. CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE .............................................................................