Metropolization : Local Development and Government in Poland Lydia COUDROY DE LILLE Université Lumière-Lyon 2 & Centre Géophile - Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Lyon OCDE- International Conference 6-7 June 2005, Trento « Defend your commune ! » Warsaw, before the administrative reform of Warsaw of 2002 (COUDROY, 2002) 1 Introduction • Poland in advance in providing territorial reforms… • …but not in the capital city • The pressures of metropolization : economical concentration and political decentralization • Which consequences on the territorial design ? 1. HESITATIONS ABOUT THE TERRITORIAL FRAMEWORK • Communal model ? The faith in the local tier as a basis for the building of democracy • Metropolitan model ? A large-bounded territory and an urban government above the communes 2 1.1.« Union of communes » (1990-94) • The first step of the territorial and administrative reform : decentralization only at the communal tier • The local autonomy applied to the capital city Administrative structure of the Warsaw Voivodship (1990-94) Tiers of the territorial structure Legislative Executive power power Name Number of Population Name of the Name of the Name of the units (1000) authority authority head of the authority Voivodship 1 2410 _ _ _ (Wojewódtzwo warszawskie) City = Union 1 1655 City council City college City President of communes (rada miasta) (Urząd (Prezydent (Związek miejski) miasta) gmin) Communes 7 1655 Commune Commune Mayor (Gmina) = all together council college (Burmistrz) districts (Rada (Urząd (dzielnica) dzielnicy) dzielnicy) Council : elected by the universal suffrage : indirect suffrage 3 Territorial divisions of Warsaw (1990-94) Map : Coudroy de Lille – UMR 8504 – Géophile, 2004 1.2.The « Warsaw system » (1994-98) • Additional tier : the districts • Unequal system, at the advantage of the inner-city • Increasing territorial fragmentation 4 Administrative structure of the Warsaw Voivodship (1994-98) Tiers Legislative Executive power power Name Number Population Name of the Name of the Name of the (1000) authority authority head of the authority Warsaw 1 2416 - - - voivodship (Województwo Warszawskie) Capital city 1 1655 City council City college City President Warsaw (rada miasta) (zarząd (Prezydent (Miasto stołeczne 68 members miasta) miasta) = Warszawa) Commune 11 1000 in Council of (Gmina) Centrum Centrum the Centrum mayor of the commune Centrum + + commune 10 655 in the 10 commune Commune Mayors of the others councils college other 10 (rada gminy) (zarząd communes gminy) (burmistrz) Districts of the 7 Council of College of Director commune Centrum district District (Dyrektor) (Dzielnica) (rada (Urząd dzielnicy) dzielnicy) Council : elected by the universal suffrage : indirect suffrage Territorial divisions of Warsaw (1994-2001) 5 1.3.The local governement sank into the territorial reform (1998-2002) • One more tier : the powiat • A new region : the Mazowsze Voivodship • Confused reform in Warsaw A larger region around Warsaw 6 Mazowsze and its counties (powiat) Administrative structure of the Warsaw Voivodship (1998-2002) Tier Legislative Executive power power Name Number Population Name of the Name of the Name of the (1000) authority authority head of the authority Mazowsze 1 5065 Voivodship Voivodship Marshal voivodship Council college (Marszałek) (Województwo (Sejmik (Zarząd mazowieckie) wojewódzki) wojewódtzwa) Warsaw 1 1642 County County Starost County council college (Starosta) (Powiat (Rada (Starostwo warszawski) powiatu) powiatowe) City = Union 1 1642 Council of City college President of of communes Warsaw (Zarząd the city (Związek (Rada miasta) miasta) (Prezydent gmin) miasta) = the Centrum 11 1000 Commune Executive commune council of college of mayor of the + Centrum Centrum Centrum 10 other + (Zarząd commune communes 600 together 10 other gminy) (gminy) communal + councils 10 other 10 mayors in (Rada gminy) communal other colleges communes (Burmistrz) Districts in 7 District District District Centrum councils colleges directors (Dzielnica) (Rada (Rada (Dyrektor) Dzielnica) dzielnicy) Council : elected by the universal suffrage : indirect suffrage 7 1.4.The new administrative framework : dilution of communes (2002) • Back to centralism • Personalisation of the Mayor’s election Administrative structure of Warsaw since 2002 Tiers Legislative Executive power Power NUTS Name Number Population Name of the Name of the Name of tiers (1000) authority authority the head of the authority NUTS2 Mazowsze 1 5080 Voivodship Voivodship Marshal voivodship assembly college (Marszałek) (Województwo (Sejmik (Zarząd mawowieckie) wojewódzki) wojewódzki) NUTS3= City of 1 1609 County County President NUTS4= Warsaw council college of Warsaw NUTS5 (Miasto (Rada (Zarząd (Prezydent stołeczne powiatu) miejksi) Warszawy) Warszawa)= 60 members County of Warsaw (Warszawski Powiat)= Commune of Warsaw (Gmina Warszawy) - Districts of 17 1609 District District Mayor Warsaw together council college (Burmistrz) (Dzielnica) (Rada (Zarząd dzielnicy) dzielnicy) Council : elected by the universal suffrage : indirect suffrage 8 Territorial divisions of Warsaw (since 2002) 2.LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT • Warsaw metropolis ? • The ambiguities of local democracy 9 Urban development and territorial framework 1990-94 Emerging of the power of inner-city in an « egalitarian » territorial structure 1994-2002 The choice of territorial structure confirming the leadership of « Centrum » in a contexte of strong metropolization Since 2002 Back to centralization Metropolization without metropolia Back to territorial centralization and to economical growth in Warsaw… ..but were is the metropolitan area ? 10.