Improving Latex Extraction Technology by Debarking Guayule March 2015 RIRDC Publication No. 15/039 Improving Latex Extraction Technology by Debarking Guayule by M.L. Gupta, D.L. George and G.M Bedane March 2015 RIRDC Publication No 15/039 RIRDC Project No PRJ-000532 © 2015 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-783-1 ISSN 1440-6845 Improving latex extraction technology by debarking guayule Publication No. 15/039 Project No. PRJ-000532 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. 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Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to RIRDC Communications on phone 02 6271 4100. Researcher Contact Details M.L Gupta School of Land, Crop & Food Sciences The University of Queensland Gatton QLD 4343 Phone: 07 5460 1358 Fax: 07 5460 1112 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6271 4100 Fax: 02 6271 4199 Email: [email protected]. Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Electronically published by RIRDC in March 2015 Print-on-demand by Union Offset Printing, Canberra at www.rirdc.gov.au or phone 1300 634 313 ii Foreword Guayule is a member of the sunflower family, Asteraceae, and belongs to the genus Parthenium. Out of the 16 species of Parthenium, it is the only one known to produce rubber in any significant quantity (Siddiqui and Locktov 1981). Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) stores its rubber primarily within the cells of its bark. The present rubber extraction method involves rupturing of these cells by grinding the whole plant, but guayule bark constitutes only 30% of the dry weight of the whole shrub. Therefore, harvesting, transporting and processing of plant material other than bark for latex extraction increase cost of field handling, transportation and processing. Debarking guayule soon after harvesting at the crop site will substantially improve the efficiency of latex extraction technology by reducing costs of transporting material to the processing location and increasing the processing capacity of the latex extraction plant. Introduction of a guayule debarking system will enhance the latex extraction process; hence, the outcome of this research will strongly benefit the industry by saving energy and production costs making rubber production from guayule more commercially viable. Guayule debarking and separation technology has been developed and tested. The prototype debarking machine requires a single source of power and improvements in capacity by scaling up the design. Further work is needed to provide mobility in the field as well means of attachment to a guayule harvester. The test has indicated that the performance of the separation system can be improved by enlargement of the venturi system and fine tuning of the air velocity and material collection cut-off distances. Moreover, feasibility studies and suitability of the bark processed for high quality latex needs to be investigated. This project was funded from RIRDC Core Funds which are provided by the Australian Government. This report is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2000 research publications and it forms part of our New and Emerging Plant Industries RD&E program, which aims to conduct research, development and extension for new, emerging and other core funded plant industries that contribute to the profitability, sustainability and productivity of regional Australia. Most of RIRDC’s publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313. Craig Burns Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................. vi Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Review of Literature.............................................................................................................................. 3 Methods used for large diameter stems ............................................................................................. 3 Methods used for small diameter plant stems ................................................................................... 5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Establishment of Guayule Plants ......................................................................................................... 8 Propagation ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Field establishment and maintenance ............................................................................................... 8 Design and Development of a Guayule Debarking System .............................................................. 10 Design criteria ................................................................................................................................. 10 Preliminary investigations............................................................................................................... 10 Machine development ..................................................................................................................... 11 Testing and Evaluation of Debarking Machine ................................................................................ 15 Evaluation of the bark removal system ........................................................................................... 15 Evaluation of the separation system ................................................................................................ 17 Implications and Recommendations .................................................................................................. 20 References ............................................................................................................................................ 21 iv Tables Table 1. Stem diameters at different height and age of guayule plant ............................................. 10 Table 2. Average mass of shrub and composition of bark, wood and leaf material from 500g processed sample .............................................................................................................. 15 Table 3. Debarking efficiencies and percentage of processed material at different feed rates. ....... 16 Table 4. Average separation efficiencies, dry mass and percentage of material ............................. 19 Table 5. Average percentage of bark in leaf section and wood section ........................................... 19 Figures Figure 1. Drawknife (Manual debarking) ........................................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Drum debarker ..................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 3. Cradle ring debarker ............................................................................................................ 5 Figure 4. Chain-flail debarker ............................................................................................................. 6 Figure 5. Guayule seedlings in the nursery (5 weeks after sowing) at Gatton, Queensland ............... 8 Figure 6. Guayule plants in the field (4 weeks after transplanting) at Gatton, Queensland................ 9 Figure 7. Two years old guayule plants in the field at Gatton, Queensland ....................................... 9 Figure