Adjective attribution Michael Rießler language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 2 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath Consulting Editors: Fernando Zúñiga, Peter Arkadiev, Ruth Singer, Pilar Valen zuela In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. ISSN: 2363-5568 Adjective attribution Michael Rießler language science press Michael Rießler. 2016. Adjective attribution (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 2). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog © 2016, Michael Rießler Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-944675-65-7 (Digital) 978-3-944675-66-4 (Hardcover) 978-3-944675-49-7 (Softcover) 978-1-530889-34-1 (Softcover US) ISSN: 2363-5568 DOI:10.17169/langsci.b19.294 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Felix Kopecky, Sebastian Nordhoff, Michael Rießler Proofreading: Alec Shaw, Alessia Battisti, Rogier Blokland, Andreas Hölzl, Aneilia Stefanova, Antonio Machicao y Priemer, Eitan Grossman, Eva Schultze-Berndt, Ezekiel Bolaji, Joshua Wilbur, Mario Bisiada, Martin Haspelmath, Neal Whitman, Michelle Natolo, Natalia Cáceres, Parviz Parsafar, Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. За най-любимите ми Алма, Ива и Кристина Contents Preface xi Abbreviations and notational conventions xiii I Preliminaries 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Noun phrases and adjectival modifiers 5 2.1 Noun phrases ............................ 5 2.2 Adjectival modifiers ......................... 5 2.3 Syntax of adjectival modification .................. 7 2.3.1 Noun phrase internal syntax ................ 8 2.3.2 Headless noun phrases ................... 10 2.3.3 Appositional modification ................. 13 3 The syntax-morphology interface 15 3.1 Morpho-syntax ........................... 15 3.2 Morpho-syntactic features ..................... 17 3.3 An ontology of morpho-syntactic features ............ 21 II Typology 23 4 Typology of attribution marking 25 4.1 Typologizing noun phrase structure ................ 25 4.2 Juxtaposition ............................. 29 4.3 Incorporation ............................ 31 4.4 Agreement marking ......................... 33 4.4.1 Head-driven agreement .................. 33 4.4.2 Dependent-driven agreement ............... 37 Contents 4.5 Attributive state marking ...................... 39 4.5.1 Head-marking attributive state .............. 40 4.5.2 Dependent-marking attributive state ........... 41 4.5.3 Head+dependent-marking attributive state ........ 58 4.5.4 Neutral attributive state .................. 59 4.6 Ontology of attribution marking .................. 61 5 Polyfunctionality 69 5.1 Polyfunctionality of modification markers ............ 69 5.2 Polyfunctionality and additional content ............. 74 5.3 Conclusion .............................. 76 III Synchrony 77 6 Introduction 79 6.1 The languages of northern Eurasia ................. 79 6.2 The language sample ........................ 80 6.3 The language maps ......................... 80 6.3.1 Geographic coding ..................... 80 6.3.2 Type coding ......................... 81 6.3.3 The maps .......................... 81 7 The languages of northern Eurasia 83 7.1 Eskimo-Aleut (Central Siberian Yupik) .............. 83 7.2 Chukotko-Kamchatkan ....................... 84 7.2.1 Chukotkan ......................... 84 7.2.2 Kamchatkan ......................... 87 7.3 Nivkh ................................. 88 7.4 Ainu ................................. 90 7.5 Japanese ............................... 90 7.6 Korean ................................ 92 7.7 Sino-Tibetan (Dungan) ....................... 93 7.8 Mongolic ............................... 94 7.8.1 Mongolian .......................... 95 7.8.2 Monguor, Moghol, Dagur ................. 96 7.9 Tungusic ............................... 96 7.9.1 North Tungusic ....................... 96 7.9.2 Amur Tungusic ....................... 99 vi Contents 7.9.3 Manchu ........................... 101 7.10 Yukaghir ............................... 101 7.11 Yeniseian ............................... 104 7.12 Turkic ................................. 106 7.12.1 Bulgar Turkic ........................ 106 7.12.2 Common Turkic ...................... 108 7.13 Nakh-Daghestanian ......................... 110 7.13.1 Daghestanian ........................ 110 7.13.2 Nakh ............................. 117 7.13.3 Chechen-Ingush ...................... 118 7.13.4 Bats ............................. 118 7.14 Abkhaz-Adyghe ........................... 119 7.14.1 Abkhaz ........................... 119 7.14.2 Circassian .......................... 120 7.15 Kartvelian .............................. 120 7.15.1 Georgian ........................... 121 7.15.2 Svan ............................. 122 7.15.3 Zan .............................. 123 7.16 Semitic ................................ 124 7.16.1 Northwest Semitic ..................... 124 7.16.2 Central Semitic ....................... 124 7.17 Uralic ................................. 125 7.17.1 Samoyedic .......................... 126 7.17.2 Hungarian .......................... 128 7.17.3 Khanty, Mansi, Mari, Mordvin ............... 129 7.17.4 Permic ............................ 129 7.17.5 Finnic ............................ 133 7.17.6 Saamic ............................ 134 7.18 Indo-European ............................ 138 7.18.1 Albanian ........................... 139 7.18.2 Armenian .......................... 142 7.18.3 Indo-Iranian ......................... 143 7.18.4 Baltic ............................. 146 7.18.5 Celtic ............................ 147 7.18.6 Germanic .......................... 148 7.18.7 Hellenic ........................... 156 7.18.8 Romance ........................... 157 7.18.9 Slavic ............................ 160 vii Contents 7.19 Basque ................................ 166 8 Areal uniformity and diversity 169 8.1 Attested attribution marking devices ............... 169 8.2 Prototypes of attribution marking devices ............. 170 8.3 Diachronic implications ....................... 171 IV Diachrony 173 9 The evolution of attribution marking 175 9.1 Attributive nominalizers ...................... 175 9.1.1 Attributive nominalizers in Uralic and Turkic ...... 176 9.1.2 Attributive nominalizers in Indo-European ........ 183 9.1.3 Definite noun phrases in Germanic ............ 193 9.1.4 “Double definiteness” and a “buffer zone” in North Ger- manic ............................ 197 9.1.5 Attributive nominalization and anti-construct state ... 198 9.2 Anti-construct state in Saamic ................... 201 9.2.1 State of research ...................... 202 9.2.2 The origin of anti-construct state in Saamic ....... 211 9.3 Agreement in Finnic ......................... 215 9.4 Other attested scenarios of grammaticalization .......... 218 9.4.1 Articles, definiteness and adjective attribution ...... 218 9.4.2 Head-marking attributive construct state ......... 222 9.4.3 Innovation of juxtaposition ................ 222 9.5 Diachronic polyfunctionality .................... 223 10 Areal typology in the Circum-Baltic area 227 V Conclusion 229 11 Results and conclusions 231 11.1 Aims and content .......................... 231 11.2 Innovative findings ......................... 233 11.2.1 The morpho-syntactic feature state ........... 234 11.2.2 Embedded adjectival modifiers: synchrony ........ 235 11.2.3 Embedded adjectival modifiers: diachrony ........ 237 viii Contents 11.3 Other findings ............................ 238 11.4 Prospects for future research .................... 241 Appendix 243 Language sample and maps 243 References 263 Index 291 Name index ................................. 291 Language index .............................. 297 Subject index ................................ 305 ix Preface This is a thoroughly revised version of my doctoral dissertation Typology and evo- lution of adjective attribution marking in the languages of northern Eurasia, which I defended at Leipzig University in January 2011 and published electronically as Rießler (2011). I am indebted to my family members, friends, project collabora- tors, data consultants, listeners, supporters, sources of inspiration, critics and other people who assisted in completing my dissertation. I am very thankful to the series editors who accepted my manuscript for pub- lication with this prestigious open-access publisher, to Sebastian Nordhoff and the technical staff at Language Science Press, to