UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI GENOVA PhD PROGRAM POLITICAL STUDIES – 30th cohort DOCTORAL THESIS DYNAMICS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN POLITICAL PARTIES AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS. SPS/04, SPS/01, SPS/11 PhD CANDIDATE: CARLOS GOMEZ RIBAS SUPERVISOR: PROF. LUCIANO MARIO FASANO PhD DIRECTOR: PROF. FRANCESCO ZUCCHINI ACADEMIC YEAR 2016/2017 The PhD program Political Studies (POLS) (30th cohort) stems from the collaboration of four UniVersities, namely UniVersità degli Studi di PaVia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Università degli Studi di Genova and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. The UniVersity of Milan serVes as the administratiVe headquarters and proVides the facilities for most teaching actiVities. 2 Abstract. Political parties and social moVements are two of the most releVant actors in politics, despite this, their relations haVe attracted a moderate interest among the scholars. Thus, in a time when political parties look for new ways to connect with the citizens that do not trust them anymore, while social moVements are approaching to institutional politics, their relationship is eVen more releVant than eVer to understand upcoming political and social eVents. Therefore, this thesis explores the relationship between political parties and social moVements. In particular, it focuses in the dynamics of the elements capable of altering the type of relationship existing between them. Using the method known as “analytic narratives” it investigates the story of the interactions between political parties and social moVements in the cities of Milan and Barcelona. First it giVes a coherent form to the eVents occurred around the local elections of both cities, and highlights the key actors and some crucial elements for those interactions. Secondly, through game theory tools it analyses these elements to obserVe their role in shaping the type of relationship that is establish between political parties and social moVements. I partiti politici e i moVimenti sociali sono due degli attori più rilevanti della politica, nonostante ciò, le loro relazioni hanno attratto un moderato interesse tra gli studiosi. Così, in un momento in cui i partiti politici cercano nuoVi modi di connettersi con i cittadini che non li affidano più, mentre i moVimenti sociali stanno avvicinando alla politica istituzionale, il loro rapporto è ancora più importante che mai per comprendere i prossimi eVenti politici e sociali. Pertanto, questa tesi esplora la relazione tra partiti politici e moVimenti sociali. In particolare, si concentra sulle dinamiche degli elementi in grado di alterare il tipo di relazione esistente tra di loro. Usando il metodo conosciuto come “analytic narratiVes”, esamina la storia delle interazioni tra partiti politici e moVimenti sociali nelle città di Milano e Barcellona. In primo luogo dà una forma coerente agli eVenti accaduti nelle elezioni locali di entrambe città ed eVidenzia gli attori chiaVi e gli elementi cruciali per queste interazioni. In secondo luogo, attraverso gli strumenti di teoria dei giochi, analizza questi elementi per osservare il loro ruolo nella definizione del tipo di relazione che si stabilisce tra partiti politici e moVimenti sociali. 3 Declaration. I hereby certify that this Ph.D. dissertation, presented for examination at the UniVersity of Milan/ NASP, is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, proVided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 4 Simplicity is a great Virtue but it requires hard work to achieve it and education to appreciate it. And to make matters worse: complexity sells better. Edsger W. Dijkstra 5 Social moVements are at once the symptoms and the instruments of progress. Ignore them and statesmanship is irreleVant; fail to use them and it is weak. Walter Lippmann A social moVement that only moVes people is merely a reVolt. A moVement that changes both people and institutions is a revolution. Martin Luther King Jr. 6 Acknowledgments Writing a dissertation is always a complex process for any Ph.D. candidate, since it changes your mind, your beliefs and the own conception of what can be known and the ways we can know it. My case is not different. When I look back I see another person who started this dissertation. I see an endeavour that has transformed me. HoweVer, this eVolution has not been done alone, as a lot of people accompanied me in this journey and made it possible. It is impossible to thank to all of them and their contributions here, nevertheless I would not be fair to myself if I no would mention some persons in particular. The main reason I can present this work here is undoubtedly mi mother. The strength she had in the toughest moments deserVes an especial mention. She was able to transform a hard situation of the death of my father to be an opportunity of growing personally. Renouncing to an infinity number of things, she fought to give me the opportunity to study at the uniVersity, to liVe a life without any worries, and to giVe me the space to make my own seVeral mistakes. Without her, I would not be the person who I am, and neither would be here. My grandfather is not a person who I just admire, but that I also profoundly loVe. He has been the person to show me the right way to do things; despite I have not always followed it. His example of how he liVed has been one of the greatest lectures in my life. In a situation were things were far away to be easy, he always was able to push himself to do things better, with the most humble attitude I haVe eVer seen. I hope I haVe learnt a small part of his virtues to become a better person. The rest of my family of course is crucial too: my sister, niece, brother-in-law, uncles and aunts and cousins. To Elias, apart for being a good example, he has always been Very supportiVe in his particular way, pushing me to reach what I should be. To my friends who make this time an enjoyable time despite a dissertation can include lonely and desperate moments. 7 Especial thanks also deserVe my superVisor, Luciano Fasano, who has been very enthusiastic and supportiVe from the beginning. He spent time to understand my ideas and to guide them to the right path. He has dedicated a lot of time to reading my work and to improVe it. And consequently, I haVe to be grateful. I also haVe to mention Jordi Capo for the support he gave in other difficult moments in the past and for accepting the ungrateful tasks of being one of my referees. And to my other referee Domenico Fruncillo who accepted helping me with all the reVision process without any compensation. To Berta, the person who pushed me to apply for the PhD and for giving myself a second opportunity. Without her I would not eVen started the program, since she was the one who motiVed me, conVinced me to accept and to moVe to Italy. I must further extend many thanks to my colleagues of NASP from whom I learned a lot and without whom the PhD would not haVe been so interesting. To my professors of NASP who have supported me during the last three years. To the NASP project for giVing me the opportunity to do this research founding it for three years. To the UniVersity of Barcelona and its Department of Political Science for welcome me during the Visiting period. All the people in Barcelona treated me as if were part of them. Finally, to Judith, who has been much more than a partner during this period. She has been a companion. She has been a colleague with who was possible to discuss and learn together many things from many different aspects. She has been supportiVe, kind, and helpful in many ways, eVen taking time to read my work to ask me if I was drunk when I wrote it. An invaluable part of the improVement of this work from the early stages to its current form is due to her. Thank you all and thank to those people that deserve also to be here but I did not mention for space reasons. Really, thank you. 8 Table of contents Abstract. .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Declaration. ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. 7 Table of contents ................................................................................................................................ 9 List of tables. ....................................................................................................................................... 12 List of figures. ..................................................................................................................................... 13 List of acronyms. ............................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter One. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 15 1.1 Background of the study. .................................................................................................