SESSION 2 SESSION Session 2: Support 지원 Public Supports and Changes of Museum’s Role in Society 외부지원과 박물관·미술관의 사회적 역할 변화 02-Session2 영월 표지.indd 1 2015. 10. 23. 오전 11:45 CONTENTS Brazil: Changes in the role of museums supported by public policies ··································5 브라질: 공공 정책의 지원을 통한 박물관의 역할 변화 The role of International Committee for Museology in public support of museums ···········25 박물관에 대한 공적 지원에 있어서 국제박물관학 위원회의 역할 New museums for new challenges: social responsibility and community participation, cultural diversity and interculturality. ······························································································45 새로운 박물관을 위한 새로운 도전: 사회적 책임, 지역사회 참여, 문화다양성, 상호문화주의 Museums built by all stakeholders ···································································································73 함께 만들어 가는 박물관 The American Alliance of Museums’ Museum Connect Program: A case study of government-funded, museum cultural exchange ·········································································99 미국 박물관 협회의 박물관 연계 프로그램: 정부 지원 박물관 문화 교류 사례 연구 The Role of ICOM in Defining the Museum in Society ·····························································127 사회에서의 박물관을 정의하는 데 있어 국제박물관협의회의 역할 Free admission Policy and the developing museum in China ···············································129 무료 관람정책 및 발전중인 중국 박물관들 Changing Role of Museums in the 21th Century ······································································151 21세기 박물관 역할의 변화 Museums and Communities: The Faro Convention ···································································195 박물관과 커뮤니티: FARO 협약 Reflections on the rationales and directions for public support of museums ····················209 박물관 공공지원의 근거와 방향에 대한 재성찰 Cultural Heritage and Public Awareness Centers: in context to Pakistan ··························245 문화 유산과 공공 인식 센터: 파키스탄의 사례 The Dilemma and Resolution of Public Support Provided for Museums ·····························299 뮤지엄에 대한 공적 지원제도의 딜레마와 해결과제 The Social Function of Museums & Government Policy The case of National Museum of Ethiopia ···················································································································································333 박물관과 정부 정책의 사회적 기능 A Town Promoting Its Nature and Culture The Landscape, Nature, and Life of the Town as a “Living Museum” ···················································································································351 자연과 문화를 홍보하는 마을 “살아있는 박물관”의 마을풍경, 자연 그리고 삶 Perspectives on Museums and the Sustainable Development of Local Communities ·····375 박물관에 대한 관점과 지속 가능한 지역사회 개발 Session 2 [Support] Supports and Changes of Museum's Role in Society [지원] 외부지원과 박물관·미술관의 사회적 역할 변화 Brazil: Changes in the role of museums supported by public policies 브라질: 공공 정책의 지원을 통한 박물관의 역할 변화 Adriana Mortara Almeida(아드리아나 몰타 알메이다) Director of the History Museum of Butantan Institute (브라질 Butantan 연구소 역사박물관 관장) Brazil: Changes in the role of museums supported by public policies Adriana Mortara Almeida In this article I will present some of the changes in the role of museums in Brazil related to the establishment of public policies, emphasizing recent programs for local and community museums. Introduction Brazil is a huge country with 8.515.767.049 km2 - about 86 times the area of South Korea - with more than 204 million inhabitants (about 4 times South Korea population). Between the years 1500 and 1822 Brazil was a Portuguese colony. The two first museums were established by the Portuguese Court: in 1815 the Museum of the “Royal School of Fine Arts” and in 1818 the “Royal Museum” – a Natural History Museum. After independence, during the Imperial period (1822-1889), four museums were created in the country: the Army Museum (1864), the Navy Museum (1868), the Emilio Goeldi Museum of Amazonian Natural History (1871) and the Paranaense Museum (1882) in the South of the country. Figure 1 and 2: Emilio Goeldi Museum was created in 1871 to preserve and study 7 the nature and culture of the Amazonian region. View of one building and of the Zoobotanic Garden (Photos: Adriana M. Almeida, 2014). These museums followed the European museum tradition and intended to preserve the image of the Imperial strength and the country ‘exotic’ nature. The Goeldi Museum was a center of natural history research regarding the Amazonian environment and culture; the Paranaense Museum was dedicated to the culture and nature of the southern part of the country. After the establishment of the Republican system (1889), many museums with strong nationalist tendency were created. The Paulista Museum in São Paulo (1895) and the National Historical Museum (1822) in Rio e Janeiro are good examples of this tendency: their foundation celebrates Brazilian Independence, supporting the official history (ALMEIDA, 2012). Figure 3: “School Celebration at Paulista Museum” by Agustín Salinas Y Teruel, 1912 (State Pinacoteca collection) During the 20th century, dozens of different museums were created in Brazil. Most of them aimed to celebrate the life and history of the victors, including national or local issues. Different kinds of museums were founded: history, art, ethnology and 8 science. Among the museums created towards the end of the 20th century there were some that weren’t imagined and organized by the authorities or the dominant groups: some community museums. In the 20th the role of museums in Brazil interested the university and in 1932 the first Museum Course was created at the National University of Rio de Janeiro. The theme was related to part of the activities of the National Service on Artistic and Historic Heritage (SPHAN), created in 1936. Being aware of the discussions conducted in other countries was another influence for Brazilian museum professionals. In 1946, a young Brazilian museologist – Mario Barata – participated in the foundation of ICOM in Paris. In the same year the ICOM Brazil National Committee was created. UNESCO organized a regional Seminar on the Educational Function of Museums coordinated by George Henri Rivière, in 1958. The educational role of museums became an important and consensus idea for Brazilian museum professionals. Museums in Brazil today According to Cadastro Nacional de Museus (Museums National Register), there are more than 3,500 “mapped museological units” in Brazil. The distribution around the country is very unequal: the South and Southeast regions have 67% of Brazilian museums. The North and Midwest have the fewest museums. Among the 5570 Brazilian cities only 1298 have museums (23%). The cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are the only ones with more than 100 museums. The facts show a strong asymmetry in the distribution of museums throughout Brazilian territory. (IBRAM, 2011; 2015) 9 Figure 4: Number of museums in the 26 Brazilian States (IBRAM, 2015) This data is an indication that the presence of museums is related to average income and investment, and the presence of managing entities in the cultural field. It is also related to population density, but with some variations. The comparison of museums distribution and the population of each of the 26 states shows that in the Southern region (three states – Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná) and in one state of the Central Region (Mato Grosso do Sul) there is the best rate of inhabitants per museum, and in the Northern (one State – Pará) and in the Northeastern regions (Maranhão and Piauí) we find the worst rate. 10 Figure 5: Number of inhabitants per museum in the 26 different Brazilian states (GLOBO G1, 2015) Museums’ guardianships vary: they can be public ― federal, state, municipal, universities ― or private ― corporations, banks, industries, foundations, universities. Most of them (67%) are public institutions. Their dimensions also vary: from only one to dozens of professionals; there isn’t a single managing model. (IBRAM, 2011) Despite having had museums for 200 years, the law that regulates Brazilian museums is very recent. In fact, there aren’t many official laws regarding cultural organizations in Brazil. The first federal regulations were established during the first dictatorship in Brazil (1937-1945) mostly related to the creation of national agencies of Radio and Cinema. In this period, three National museums were founded (National Museum of Fine Arts, Imperial Museum – both in Rio de Janeiro State - and “Inconfidência” 11 Museum, in Minas Gerais). Regarding museums, the first official regulation was the National Policy for Museums drafted in 1982. Its aim was to support the organization of museums, especially those under the responsibility of the federal government at that time. In 1986, one year after the creation of the Ministry of Culture, the National Museums System (SNM) was established. The National Committee, which had the participation of some professional from museums, some national cultural entities and institutions, had to propose priorities and programs to improve museums in Brazil. The National Museum Program carried out the policies proposed by the SNM, such as training courses for museum professionals. Unfortunately, in the early 1990s, owing to changes in the government, all programs were abandoned. (TOLENTINO, 2013) Only about 10 years later new government actions restarted the organization of a national policy for museums. In 2003, the National Museums Policy (PNM) was launched after a long debate among museums professionals and different government representatives. The aim of the PNM is