PHILIP II AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT This page intentionally left blank Philip II and Alexander the Great Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives Edited by ELIZABETH CARNEY and DANIEL OGDEN 2010 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Philip II and Alexander the Great : father and son, lives and afterlives/ edited by Elizabeth Carney and Daniel Ogden. p. cm. A selection from the papers presented at an international symposium, “Philip II and Alexander III: Father, Son and Dunasteia,” held April 3-5, 2008, at Clemson University, in South Carolina. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-973815-1 1. Philip II, King of Macedonia, 382–336 B.C.—Congresses. 2. Alexander, the Great, 356-323 B.C.—Congresses. 3. Greece—History—Macedonian Expansion, 359–323 B.C.—Congresses. 4. Greece—History—Macedonian Hegemony, 323–281 B.C.—Congresses. I. Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly, 1947–II. Ogden, Daniel. DF233.P476 2010 938′.070922—dc22 [B] 2009032100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper to William Aarnes and Eriko Ogden This page intentionally left blank Preface n July of 1997, A. B. Bosworth and E. B. Baynham convened an Iinternational symposium on Alexander the Great at the University of Newcastle (NSW, Australia). The conveners then edited a selection of papers from the conference, Alexander the Great in Fact and Fic- tion, published by Oxford University Press in 2000. This conference and publication became a model for what has become a continuing series of symposia focusing on the world and impact of Alexander and involving junior and senior scholars from a variety of academic disciplines, undergraduates and graduates, and the general public. Each symposium has produced a publication. In January 2002, Waldemar Heckel convened a symposium at University of Calgary; he and Lawrence Tritle then edited a collection derived from that meeting, Crossroads of History: The Age of Alexander, published in 2003. In January of 2005, Professor Heckel again generously spon- sored a symposium; he, Lawrence Tritle, and Pat Wheatley edited a collection derived from the second Calgary symposium, Alexander’s Empire: Formulation to Decay, published in 2007. In that same year, Pat Wheatley hosted a conference at the University of Otago, New Zealand. He and Robert Hannah coedited a collection of papers rel- ated to that meeting; Alexander and His Successors: Essays from the Antipodes that Regina Books published in May of 2009. So too the present collection of articles has its origin in an international sympo- sium, “Philip II and Alexander III: Father, Son and Dunasteia,” held April 3–5, 2008, at Clemson University in South Carolina. The cur- rent manuscript constitutes a selection from the papers delivered at the symposium, though many of these papers now differ markedly from their earlier oral versions. As we write, another Alexander Sym- posium, convened by Victor Alonso Troncoso, is planned for Septem- ber 2010 at Universidad de La Coruña, Spain. Each symposium has differed a bit from the others in focus, or composition, or organization but all have provided invaluable exper- ience for those interested in the world of Alexander and ancient Macedonia, the rare opportunity for specialists ordinarily scattered around the world to talk at length, to bounce ideas off each other, and viii PREFACE for those newly involved in the fi eld to meet and speak to those who have worked in it for many years. The varying venues have added a piquant element to an already rich experience. We remember a lovely afternoon spent wandering the wine country of New South Wales with a somewhat directionally challenged but charming bus driver, a group of Alexander scholars huddled together for warmth as they watched a demonstration of the use of a sarissa while Calgary citizens passing by on a Saturday morning gawked and threatened to cause accidents, and an evening of barbecue and blue grass music (but, unfortunately, no strong drink) in a South Carolina restaurant deco- rated with somewhat obscure football memorabilia. The symposium could not have happened without generous fi nan- cial support from four different Clemson University entities: the Department of History and Geography; the College of Art, Architec- ture, and Humanities; the Offi ce of Research and Economic Develop- ment; and the Vending Machine Fund. The staff of the University Madren conference Center/Martin Inn offered invaluable help. Jeannie Davis, Communications Director for the college, designed wonderful posters for the conference. Sheri Stanley, history department adminis- trative assistant, patiently led me through the wilds of state fi nancing, and our administrative specialist, Trish Nigro, worked tirelessly to make sure the minutiae of arrangements worked. Graduate and under- graduate history students helped in many ways, particularly with transport. My department chair, Thomas Kuehn, and my colleagues in the history department did a great deal of work behind the scenes. My husband, William Aarnes, was a wonderful host to thirty-fi ve Alexander scholars and provided back-up service as a designated driver. I would like to thank our contributors for their hard work and will- ingness to make deadlines. I am grateful to Stefan Vranka and Oxford University Press for the speed with which this project has proceeded. Above all, I am in debt to my experienced and amazingly effi cient coeditor, Daniel Ogden. Elizabeth Carney Contents Contributors, xi Abbreviations, xv Introduction, xix Part I Father, Son, and Court 1 The “Pixodarus Affair” Reconsidered Again, 3 Stephen Ruzicka 2 The Bearded King and the Beardless Hero: From Philip II to Alexander the Great, 13 Víctor Alonso Troncoso 3 In the Shadow of His Father: Alexander, Hermolaus, and the Legend of Philip, 25 Sabine Müller 4 Philip’s Eurydice in the Philippeum at Olympia, 33 Olga Palagia 5 Putting Women in Their Place: Women in Public under Philip II and Alexander III and the Last Argeads, 43 Elizabeth Carney 6 The Symposia of Philip II and Alexander III of Macedon: The View from Greece, 55 Frances Pownall Part II Philip and Alexander at War 7 Consensus Strategies under Philip and Alexander: The Revenge Theme, 69 Giuseppe Squillace 8 The Asthetairoi: Macedonia’s Hoplites, 81 Edward M. Anson 9 The Argeads and the Phalanx, 91 A. B. Bosworth x CONTENTS 10 Scythed Chariots at Gaugamela: A Case Study, 103 Waldemar Heckel, Carolyn Willekes, Graham Wrightson Part III After Philip and Alexander: Legacy and Legitimation 11 Cassander and the Legacy of Philip II and Alexander III in Diodorus’ Library, 113 Franca Landucci Gattinoni 12 The Role of the Argeadai in the Legitimation of the Ptolemaic Dynasty: Rhetoric and Practice, 123 Margarita Lianou 13 Hieronymus of Cardia: Causation and Bias from Alexander to His Successors, 135 Joseph Roisman Part IV Reception of Father and Son 14 Argead Dunasteia during the Reigns of Philip II and Alexander III: Aristotle Reconsidered, 151 William S. Greenwalt 15 “Worldwide Empire” versus “Glorious Enterprise”: Diodorus and Justin on Philip II and Alexander the Great, 165 Ian Worthington 16 “You Should Never Meet Your Heroes . .”: Growing Up with Alexander, the Valerius Maximus Way, 175 Diana Spencer 17 His Son’s Father? Philip II in the Second Sophistic, 193 Sulochana R. Asirvatham 18 Alexander in the Underworld, 205 Daniel Ogden 19 “And Your Father Sees You”: Paternity in Alexander (2004), 217 Gideon Nisbet Notes, 233 Bibliography, 305 Index, 339 Contributors Edward M. Anson is Professor of History in the University of Arkan- sas at Little Rock, Department of History, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA; [email protected]. Sulochana R. Asirvatham is Associate Professor of Classics and Gen- eral Humanities at Montclair State University, Montclair State Uni- versity, 1 Normal Avenue, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; sulochana. [email protected]. A. B. Bosworth is Emeritus Professor of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Western Australia and currently Professor of Ancient History at Macquarie University, NSW, and Conjoint Professor of Classics at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Department of Ancient History, W6A 540, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; [email protected]. Elizabeth Carney is Professor of Ancient History and Carol K. Brown Scholar in Humanities at Clemson University, Department of History, Hardin Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0527, USA; [email protected]. Franca Landucci Gattinoni is Associate Professor of Greek History at the Catholic University of Milan, Catholic University of Milan, Largo Gemelli 1, I-20123, Milan, Italy; [email protected]. William S. Greenwalt is Professor of Classics at Santa Clara Univer- sity, Department of Classics, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA; [email protected]. Waldemar Heckel is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Calgary, Department of Greek and Roman Studies, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. xii CONTRIBUTORS Margarita Lianou is a PhD candidate in Ancient History at the Uni- versity of St.