A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA Healthy populations of fisheries species at Cape Kri, Dampier Strait MPA. Image: © Awaludinnoer, TNC. A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Directorate General for Marine Spatial Management Directorate for Marine Conservation and Biodiversity Republic of Indonesia 2020 A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA This publication was jointly produced by the USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (SEA) Project and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia. USAID SEA Project Office Sona Topas Tower, Floor 16, Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav.26, Jakarta 12920, Indonesia Chief of Party: Alan White, PhD ([email protected]) Deputy Chief of Party: Tiene Gunawan, PhD ([email protected]) Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Directorate for Marine Conservation and Biodiversity Gedung Mina Bahari 3 Lt 10, Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 16 - Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia Citation: Green, A.L., Fajariyanto, Y., Lionata, H., Ramadyan, F., Tighe, S., White, A., Gunawan, T., Rudyanto, and Minarputi, N. 2020. A Guide, Framework and Example: Designing Marine Protected Areas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People and Nature in Indonesia. Report prepared by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) for the USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project, 90 pp. Contributors: TNC Indonesia Oceans Program Alison Green, Yusuf Fajariyanto, Hilda Lionata, Fachry Ramadyan. USAID SEA Stacey Tighe, Alan White, Tiene Gunawan, Rudyanto, Noorafebrianie Minarputri. KKHL Andi Rusandi, Firdaus Agung, Ihsan Ramli. Editing and Layout: Melva Aritonang and Asuncion Sia Printed in: Jakarta, Indonesia Intellectual property rights: In accordance with ADS, Chapter 318, ownership of this publication is vested in USAID SEA on behalf of USAID Indonesia. USAID SEA reserves all rights thereto until the project concludes. These rights include reproduction and dissemination of the materials contained herein to government counterparts and/or working partners for wider distribution and promotional purposes. Disclaimer: This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Project No. AID-497-C-16-00008 with the close collaboration of the Government of Indonesia. The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of USAID SEA Project and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Front cover photo: Coastal communities benefit from well-designed and managed MPAs through improved fishing near protected areas in Indonesia. Image: © Tommy Schultz. Back cover photo: Healthy, high biodiversity coral reef in Misool MPA, Raja Ampat Islands. Image: © Awaludinnoer, TNC. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES..............................................................................5 FOREWORD..............................................................................................................6 PREFACE.....................................................................................................................8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1. MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia............................................15 Background...........................................................................................................15 Definitions.............................................................................................................16 Status.....................................................................................................................16 Legal Framework..................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 2. A Framework for Designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia................................................................................................................20 Step 1. Define Goals and Objectives...................................................................21 Step 2. Define Design Criteria to Achieve Goals and Objectives......................23 Step 3. Compile Data Needed to Apply Design Criteria...................................28 Step 4. Design the MPA or MPA Network.........................................................29 Step 5. Use Performance Indicators to Evaluate and Refine the Design...........30 Steps 6. Review MPA or MPA Network Design for Adaptive Management....30 CHAPTER 3. Using the Framework to Design MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia................................................................................................................31 Designing MPAs and MPA Networks at Regional, Provincial and Local Scales.....................................................................................................................31 An Example: Designing an MPA Network for Fisheries Management Area 715 and the Six Associated Provinces........................................................32 Introduction.................................................................................................. 32 Methods.........................................................................................................33 Results............................................................................................................35 Discussion......................................................................................................37 3 ANNEX 1: Rationale for Biophysical, Socioeconomic and Cultural Criteria for Designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia..................................................39 ANNEX 2: Information and Data Needed for MPA and MPA Network Design in Indonesia....................................................................................................................54 ANNEX 3: Evaluation Tool for MPA and MPA Network Design in Indonesia....63 ANNEX 4: List of Existing and Proposed MPAs and AOIs in FMA 715................83 REFERENCES............................................................................................................86 4 A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPA NETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figures Figure 1. Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia........................................................17 Figure 2. A logical framework for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia, showing how the six steps in the scientific process align with those in the three-step management process of Initiation, Establishment, and Management...............................................................................................20 Figure 3. MPA Network design for FMA 715 and six associated provinces, consisting of the existing and proposed MPAs in the provincial Marine Spatial Plans and Areas of Interest for establishing new MPAs.................................. 36 Tables Table 1. Biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural goals for MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia, and some examples of SMART objectives for each goal................................................................................................................21 Table 2. Biophysical criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia................................................................................................................24 Table 3. Socioeconomic and cultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia..........................................................................................27 Table 4. Scientific rationale (and explanatory notes) for the biophysical criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.........................................39 Table 5. Rationale (and explanatory notes) for the socioeconomic and cultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia............................50 Table 6. Information and spatial data needed to apply biophysical criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia...............................................54 Table 7. Information and spatial data needed to apply socioeconomic and cultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia...............59 Table 8. Evaluation tool for the biophysical criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.................................................................................67 Table 9. Evaluation tool for the socioeconomic and cultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia...............................................77 5 FOREWORD As an archipelagic country, Indonesia is blessed with high marine and coastal biodiversity. Our country has 16% of the world’s coral reefs, more than 2,000 marine fish species, and abundant and diverse mangrove and seagrass species. These resources generate significant economic benefits for our people, particularly our coastal communities. To ensure their sustainability, the Government of Indonesia has set aside large areas of marine and coastal waters for protection in accordance with our international and regional commitments. These include our commitment under