Thomas Porathe Doctoral Dissertation No. 27 3-D Nautical Charts and 3-D Nautical Charts and Safe Navigation Safe Navigation Thomas Porathe Department of Innovation, Design and Product Development Box 883, SE-721 23 Västerås/Eskilstuna, Sweden. 2006 Telephone +46 21-10 13 00, +46 16-15 36 00. e-mail: [email protected] www.mdh.se LL ! ! " # $" " %%& '' (&)(*+,- '. /(*-)+-)*(*- 0 12 22 3 4 '5 !" 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Reasons for this might be excessive cognitive workload caused by too many instruments to read and compile, navigation information that is displayed in a cognitively demanding way, short decision times due to high speed or fatigue due to minimum manning and long work hours. This work addresses the problem of map information displayed in a less than optimal way. Three new concepts are presented: the bridge perspective, the NoGo area polygons and a dual lane seaway network. Map reading can be difficult due to the problem of mental rotations. By allowing a 3-D nautical chart to be viewed from an egocentric bridge perspective, the need for mental rotations can be removed. The cognitively demanding calculations necessary to find out if there is enough water under the keel can be made by the chart system and the result displayed as of free water and NoGo areas. On land car driving is facilitated by a road-network and a sign system. This notion can be further developed on sea and make navigation easier and safer. These concepts were then tested in a laboratory experiment, in interviews and in a prototyping project. The results were very promising. The experiment in a laboratory maze showed that map reading from an egocentric perspective was more efficient than using traditional paper and electronic maps. Interviews and expert evaluation of prototypes also showed great interest from practitioners in the field. LLL 6DPPDQIDWWQLQJ Trots all elektronisk utrustning på en modern skeppsbrygga händer det att navigatörerna förlorar orienteringen. Anledningen kan vara hög kognitiv belastning därför att för många olika instrument måste avläsas och integreras samtidigt, att informationen på instrumenten behöver tolkas på ett kognitivt krävande sätt, att tiden för att fatta beslut blir allt kortare på grund av högre hastigheter till sjöss eller på grund av trötthet. I detta arbete presenteras tre nya koncept för visualisering av navigationsinformation: bryggperspektivet, djupvarningspolygoner och sjövägar. Kartläsning kan ibland vara svårt på grund av de mentala rotationer en användare tvingas genomföra för att kunna jämföra kartan med verkligheten. Genom att göra det möjligt för en användare att se sjökortet ur ett egocentriskt bryggperspektiv, så onödiggörs dessa mentala rotationer. De kognitivt krävande beräkningar som navigatören behöver göra för att försäkra sig om att det finns tillräckligt med vatten under kölen, kan utföras av kartsystemet och resultatet visas istället som fria vattenytor och djupvarningsområden (NoGo areas). På land underlättas bilkörning av ett vägnät med körbanor, filer och skyltar. Detta system kan i högre utsträckning införas till sjöss för att underlätta säker navigering. Dessa koncept har sedan testats genom ett laboratorieexperiment, genom intervjuer och i ett prototyputvecklingsprojekt. Resultaten var mycket lovande. Experimentet i en laboratorielabyrint visade klart att 3D-sjökortet var effektivare än både papperskartan och traditionella elektroniska kartor och intervjuerna och expertutvärderingarna visade på ett stort intresse från yrkesutövare i branschen. '1DXWLFDO&KDUWVDQG6DIH1DYLJDWLRQ $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV I foremost want to thank my supervisors Rune Pettersson, Åke Sivertun and Gary Svensson who has guided me through this project. I also want to thank Yvonne Waern and Erland Jungert who, although they have not been my formal supervisors, have given me great help and encouragement. I also want to thank Margareta Lützhöft and friends and colleagues in the Maritime Human Factors Researcher Group for inspiration, advice and good laughs. And thanks to my brave and loving family who stood me by during this time. April 2006 Thomas Porathe Stylistic commentary and textual retouching: Inger Björkblom All pictures by the author unless otherwise stated. Swedish charts by permission: © Sjöfartsverket tillstånd nr 06-01698. 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AIS. Automatic Identification System. A system requiring ships of 300 gross tonnage or more to have a transponder which sends name and position to surrounding ships. Ships will then show up as a symbol with an attached name tag on each other’s radar and chart displays. ARPA. Automatic Radar and Plotting Aid, computerized functions