Case 15- Carles Puigdemont, President of Catalonia in exile Image source: Wikimedia Commons The 130th President of the “Generalitat de Catalunya”, is currently in exile in Belgium after the German justice refused to extradite him to Spain. On his complaint before UN’s Human Rights Committee, Carles Puigdemont reports that Spain has infringed his right to stand for election, his right to go into partnership with other politicians and parties with a shared goal (Catalonia becoming independent from Spain), and his right to freedom of peaceful political expression in support of the independence of Catalonia. The president, who has been dismissed by the Spanish government after declaring independence, was elected again on 21st December for a new term. Spanish authorities impeded his re-election even though he has never been convicted for any crime or deprived of his political rights by a court of law. Description On 30 October, three days after the declaration of independence in the Catalan Parliament, José Manuel Maza, the chief state prosecutor, lodged a complaint against President Puigdemont and his government before the Central Court in Madrid for alleged charges of rebellion, sedition and embezzlement of public funds. President Puigdemont left to Brussels with four of his ministers, reason why on 2 and 3 November they didn’t appear before the court in Madrid to testify. From Belgium, he asked the international community to get involved in the Catalan conflict, accusing the Spanish government of conducting an offensive against Catalan institutions and their officers and, at the same time, he justified their absence before Spanish justice saying that they wouldn’t have a fair trial. The Judge Carmen Lamela issued a European Arrest Warrant against Carles Puigdemont and the four ministers, who went before Belgian justice “not to evade justice’s action but only to defend themselves in a fair and impartial process” as hey said. Brussels first-instance judge provisionally released them before giving a final response to the extradition request. Before the reply, Spanish justice revoked the European Arrest Warrant but not the Spanish one, by which if the persons accused would tread Spanish soil they could be arrested. President Puigdemont, from Brussels, stood for the elections called by Spanish government on 21 December as the leading candidate of Junts per Catalunya, a new political party. Despite the fact that his group came second in the elections, just behind extreme right-wing unionist party Ciudadanos, pro-independence politicians still held the majority in the Parliament, so he became the candidate for President. However, he couldn’t be physically in the chamber during the investiture, so he was banned from taking the office –as well as Jordi Sànchez, the second on the party list, who was in pretrial detention. On 23 March 2018, taking advantage of the fact that Carles Puigdemont was in Finland, the examining magistrate Pablo Llarena issued a new Arrest Warrant for rebellion and funds’ embezzlement. Two days later while, President Puigdemont was coming back to Brussels, he was arrested in Germany. On 5 April, the Schleswig-Holstein’s court refused to extradite him for rebellion and he was set free on 6 April with precautionary measures. Judge Llarena decided to reduce President Puigdemont’s charge (from rebellion to sedition) but the court also refused this offense and chose to preserve the possibility to extradite him only on the basis of misappropriation of public funds. That’s the reason why judge Pablo Llarena dropped again the European Arrest Warrant and President Carles Puigdemont came back to Brussels. However, judge Llarena suspended him and the other defendants from their duties. Before In his role of Catalonia’s President, Carles Puigdemont was the main promoter of Catalonia’s independence referendum on 1 October 2017 as pro-independence parties, who held the majority in the Parliament, had promised in their electoral rolls. The referendum was held in the middle of great police violence and 90% of votes were “yes”. That same day, Puigdemont said he would take the results to the Parliament. Ten days later, Puigdemont declared independence, but immediately after he withheld the effects of such a declaration, waiting for an international mediation which never arrived. On 21 October, the Spanish government announced the implementation of the Spanish Constitution section 155 which involved direct rule of Madrid on Catalonia; this was passed on 27 October by the Spanish Senate and the result was the de facto impeachment of Puigdemont and his ministers (even though they never bent to that decision). That same day, the Catalan Parliament declared the independence of Catalonia. The outcome Knowing for a fact that should he decide to come back to Spain he would surely be arrested and that he would have what he deemed an unfair trial, Catalonia’s President decided to stay back in Brussels. From there, he leads an international campaign to denounce Spain’s lack of democracy and to reclaim Catalan governmental institutions. He also pushes policies aiming at the materialization of the Catalan Republic and defends civil and politic rights from “El Consell de la República” (Republic’s Council). Violated laws Two of the fundamental rights that have been violated to President Carles Puigdemont as well as to the members of his government and of the Parliament of Catalonia are, on the one hand, the right to political participation, since the government he presided over was dismissed and Parliament dissolved based on the application by the Spanish Senate on October 27, 2017 of (direct rule over Catalonia’s) Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution. This precept does not provide for any of the two above mentioned measures undertaken. Moreover, the right to presumption of innocence was also violated since although President Puigdemont made himself available to the judicial authorities of Belgium, as soon as he reached that country, yet Spanish justice still considers him as a "fugitive of justice" and takes for granted his condition of guilty based on the orders it has dictated, whereas President Puigdemont has not yet been judged. Furthermore, Spain also violates the right to the personal freedom and integrity of the President, since in spite of always having presented himself before the judicial authorities of the countries he has travelled to and in spite of the arrest warrants dictated by the Supreme Court having been withdrawn, the Spanish authorities have not ceased using personal and technological tracking means to have him located, by which reason there are different judicial investigations open in various countries. With regard to the judicial process initiated against members of his government, MPs of the Parliament of Catalonia, and social leaders of civil society’s independentist associations for the alleged crimes of rebellion, sedition, embezzlement of public funds and disobedience (which will be soon brought to the courts), it has violated, in the first place, President Puigdemont’s right to effective legal protection; since he has not been allowed to defend himself from such serious charges before the Supreme Court as long as he would not hand himself over to the Spanish judicial authorities, in contravention of current legislation. The principle of criminal legality (which means that the acts of those who are accused must involve a specific crime in order to be able to initiate a judicial process) has been violated as well in his case. In this regard, it should be remembered that in the case of President Puigdemont’s detention in Germany, the Superior Court of Justice of Schleswig-Holstein ruled on July 12, 2018, that the alleged rebellion crime that was alleged against MHP Puigdemont does not exist in the present case and that it is up to the Spanish judicial authorities to investigate the alleged offence of public funds’ embezzlement. This German court’s ruling prompted the immediate withdrawal by the Spanish Supreme Court of the international arrest warrant that had been transferred to the German authorities as well as the others that had been sent to Belgium and Scotland for the extradition of other members of the Catalan government. Nevertheless, the Catalan Government members continue to be accused of these crimes by Spain, in spite of not being prosecuted because of these. Although at this time there is no international arrest warrant activated, the Spanish judicial authorities have once more violated President Puigdemont’s rights to political participation, since although in the elections of December 21, 2017 convened by the Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, he was elected as MP and was proposed to be restored to his lawful position of “Molt Honorable President of the Generalitat de Catalunya”, the Spanish Constitutional Court prevented President Puigdemont from taking office. For his part, the Supreme Court has suspended him as deputy considering him to be accountable for an alleged crime of rebellion, thus altering with this decision the parliamentary majorities chosen by Catalan voters and consequently violating their political rights as voters as well. References Carles Puigdemont i Casamajó. L’Enciclopèdia.cat (in Catalan): https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0520804.xml Carles Puigdemont i Casamajó. Wikipèdia (in Catalan): https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont_i_Casamaj%C3%B3 Carles Puigdemont, from mayor of Girona to President of Catalonia La Vanguardia, 9 January 2016 (in Spanish): https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20160109/301290104228/carles-puigdemont-president- generalitat.html President Puigdemont: “I am committed to working to explain and to implement, to prepare and to guarantee, to stabilize and to calm” Generalitat de Catalunya, 12 January 2016 (in Catalan): http://www.president.cat/pres_gov/AppJava/president/actualitat/noticies/290123/president- puigdemont-comprometo-treballar-explicar-implicar-preparar-garantir-estabilitzar- asserenar.html?mode=static Parliament invests Carles Puigdemont as President of the Generalitat. Palau del Parlament, Sunday 10 January 2016.