The Syntax of Compound Tenses in Slavic Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Trans 10 fax: +31 30 253 6000 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://wwwlot.let.uu.nl/ Cover illustration: Cyril and Methodius, the first Slavic linguists. A picture by Barbara Tomaszewicz inspired by G. Čapkŭnov’s work. ISBN-10: 90-76864-99-3 ISBN-13: 978-90-76864-99-0 NUR 632 Copyright © 2006: Krzysztof Migdalski. All rights reserved. The Syntax of Compound Tenses in Slavic Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Tilburg, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de aula van de universiteit op dinsdag 30 mei 2006 om 14.15 uur door Krzysztof Marek Migdalski geboren op 4 maart 1975 te Bielsko-Biała, Polen Promotor: Prof. dr. H.C. van Riemsdijk Copromotor: Dr. H.J.W.M Broekhuis Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................... XI ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................... XIII INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1 THE DIACHRONY OF COMPOUND TENSES IN SLAVIC7 1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................7 1.2 The division of the Slavic languages ..........................................................7 1.2.1 The common ancestor........................................................................................8 1.2.2 Sources of the division........................................................................................9 1.3 The Tense and Aspect system ...................................................................11 1.3.1 The Tense System in Proto-Indo-European .................................................11 1.3.2 Modifications of tense and aspect systems in Proto-Slavic .........................13 1.3.3 Old Church Slavonic.........................................................................................16 1.3.3.1 Simple past tenses in Old Church Slavonic...............................................16 1.3.3.1.1 The aorist.................................................................................................16 1.3.3.1.2 The imperfectum ....................................................................................17 1.3.3.2 Aspect in Old Church Slavonic...................................................................18 1.3.3.3 Some interactions between tense and aspect ............................................20 1.3.3.3.1 Imperfectum + Perfective Aspect........................................................21 1.3.3.3.2 Aorist + Imperfective Aspect...............................................................22 1.3.3.4 The Compound Tenses in Old Church Slavonic .....................................22 1.3.3.4.1 Future tenses ...........................................................................................22 1.3.3.4.1.1 Future I.............................................................................................23 1.3.3.4.1.2 Future II (Futurum Exactum/Future Perfect)............................23 1.3.3.4.2 The pluperfect.........................................................................................24 1.3.3.4.3 Present Perfect........................................................................................25 1.3.3.4.3.1 The form of the Present Perfect...................................................25 1.3.3.4.3.2 The meaning of the present perfect .............................................26 1.3.3.4.4 The conditional mood............................................................................27 1.3.3.5 Participial forms in Old Church Slavonic..................................................28 1.3.3.5.1 The l-participle ........................................................................................30 1.3.3.5.1.1 The meaning of the l-participle.....................................................30 1.3.3.5.1.2 Development of the l-participle....................................................31 1.3.3.5.1.3 L-participles versus l-adjectives.....................................................32 1.3.3.5.1.4 Grammatical properties of the l-participle ..................................32 1.3.3.5.2 The auxiliary / copula ‘to be’................................................................33 1.3.3.5.2.1 Tense.................................................................................................33 1.3.3.5.2.2 Aspect...............................................................................................34 1.3.3.5.2.3 Auxiliary vs copula..........................................................................34 1.3.4 Development of the tenses in Modern Slavic languages..............................35 1.3.4.1 Simple past tenses.........................................................................................37 1.3.4.1.1 East and West Slavic ..............................................................................37 1.3.4.1.2 South Slavic .............................................................................................37 1.3.4.2 Present perfect...............................................................................................39 1.3.4.2.1 East Slavic................................................................................................39 1.3.4.2.2 West Slavic...............................................................................................40 1.3.4.2.2.1 Changes to the auxiliary in Polish.................................................40 1.3.4.2.2.2 Changes to the present perfect in Polish .....................................42 1.3.4.2.2.3 The auxiliary versus copula distinction in Czech........................45 1.3.4.2.3 A reanalysis of the present perfect in Serbo-Croatian.......................47 1.3.4.3 The pluperfect ...............................................................................................48 1.3.4.3.1 South Slavic .............................................................................................48 1.3.4.3.2 West and East Slavic ..............................................................................49 1.3.4.4 Ways of expressing the future.....................................................................49 1.3.4.4.1 South Slavic .............................................................................................50 1.3.4.4.2 West and East Slavic ..............................................................................52 1.3.4.4.2.1 Compound future tense forms......................................................52 1.3.4.4.2.2 Expressing the future with perfective verbs................................53 1.3.4.5 New types of compound tenses in Slavic..................................................54 1.3.4.5.1 The renarrated mood .............................................................................54 1.3.4.5.1.1 Bulgarian and Macedonian.............................................................54 1.3.4.5.1.2 Beyond Bulgarian and Macedonian..............................................55 1.3.4.5.2 ‘Have’-perfects........................................................................................56 1.3.4.5.2.1 Macedonian......................................................................................56 1.3.4.5.2.2 Beyond Macedonian .......................................................................58 1.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 2 THE SYNTAX OF 'BE'-PERFECTS AND THE L- PARTICIPLE .................................................................................................... 61 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 61 2.2 Head-movement accounts of participle fronting in Bulgarian and Serbo- Croatian................................................................................................................. 62 2.2.1 Participle fronting as long head movement ...................................................63 2.2.2 Participle fronting as head adjunction ............................................................65 2.3 Towards an alternative analysis ................................................................ 67 2.3.1 Properties of the l-participle.............................................................................67 2.3.2 Participle fronting as locative inversion..........................................................68 2.3.3 Details of the present analysis..........................................................................71 2.3.3.1 Movement of adjuncts..................................................................................71 2.3.3.2 Movement of internal arguments................................................................72 2.3.3.2.1.1 Object shift requirement................................................................73 2.3.3.2.1.2 Direct object shift ...........................................................................73 2.3.3.2.1.3 Indirect object shift.........................................................................75 2.3.3.2.1.4 Movement of the indirect object PPs in Bulgarian ....................76 2.3.3.2.1.5