Managing Airports Managing Airports presents a comprehensive and cutting-edge insight into today’s international airport industry. Approaching management topics from a strategic and commercial perspective, rather than from an operational and technical one, the book provides an innovative insight into the processes behind running a successful airport. This fifth edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the many important developments in the management of airports. It features: • New content on: evolving airline models and implications for airports, self- connection, digital marketing, sensor and beacon technology, policy decisions and economic benefits, and climate change adaptation. • Updated and expanded content on: airport privatisation, economic regulation, technology within the terminal, non-aeronautical innovations, service quality and the passenger experience. • New and updated international case studies to show recent issues and theory in practice, including studies from emerging economies such as China, India and Brazil. Accessible and up-to-date, Managing Airports is ideal for students, lecturers and researchers of transport and tourism, and practitioners within the air transport industry. Anne Graham is Professor of Air Transport and Tourism Management at the University of Westminster in London, UK. One of her key areas of expertise and knowledge is airport management, economics and regulation, and she has over 30 years’ experience of lecturing, research and consultancy on these topics. She has published widely with recent books including The Routledge Companion to Air Transport Management, Airport Finance and Investment in the Global Economy, Aviation Economics and Airport Marketing. Between 2013 and 2015 Anne was Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Air Transport Management and is on the Editorial Board of a number of other journals. Managing Airports An international perspective Fifth edition Anne Graham Fifth edition published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Anne Graham The right of Anne Graham to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Elsevier 2001 Fourth edition published by Routledge 2014 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Graham, Anne, 1958– author. Title: Managing airports : an international perspective / Anne Graham. Description: 5th edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017051614 (print) | LCCN 2017051781 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315269047 (Master ebook) | ISBN 9781351977869 (Web PDF) | ISBN 9781351977845 ( Mobipocket) | ISBN 9781138285354 (hbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138285347 (pbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315269047 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Airports—Management. Classification: LCC TL725.3.M2 (ebook) | LCC TL725.3.M2 G73 2018 (print) | DDC 387.7/36068—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017051614 ISBN: 978-1-138-28535-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-28534-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-26904-7 (ebk) Typeset in ITC Stone Serif by Apex CoVantage, LLC Visit the eResource: https://www.routledge.com/9781138285347 Contents List of figures vii List of tables ix List of case studies xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 2 The structure of the airport industry 9 3 Airport economics and performance benchmarking 83 4 The airport–airline relationship 125 5 Airport operations 177 6 Airport service quality and the passenger experience 219 7 Provision of commercial facilities 253 8 Airport competition and the role of marketing 289 9 The economic and social impact of airports 349 10 The environmental impact of airports 379 11 Future prospects 411 Index 421 v Figures 1.1 Airport passengers by world region, 2016 2 1.2 Airport cargo tonnes by world region, 2016 2 1.3 The world’s 20 largest airports by total passengers, 2016 3 1.4 The world’s 20 largest airports by cargo tonnes, 2016 3 1.5 The world’s 20 largest airports by aircraft movements, 2016 4 1.6 Airport passenger growth by main region, 2006–16 5 2.1 Passengers at major French airports, 2015 39 2.2 EBITDA share of Fraport’s business segments (%) 62 2.3 Percentage of airports with some private sector involvement by region, 2016 66 2.4 Percentage of passengers at airports with some private sector involvement by region, 2016 67 2.5 Percentage of airports by privatisation model, 2016 67 2.6 Percentage of passengers at airports by privatisation model, 2016 68 3.1 Operating margin of world airlines (top 150) and airports (top 50/100 depending on year) 1998–2015 87 3.2 Revenue structures at ACI airports, 2015 (excluding non-operating items) 89 3.3 Operating cost structures at ACI airports, 2015 90 3.4 Total costs per passenger for selected world airports, 2015 109 3.5 Residual variable factor productivity at selected Asia-Pacific airports, 2015 113 4.1 Aeronautical charges by source at ACI airports, 2015 131 4.2 Airport charges index, 2016 132 4.3 Importance of different charges with the airport charges index, 2016 (%) 132 4.4 Ground handling stations by major companies, 2015/16 162 4.5 US airport capital funding for committed projects, 2013–17 169 5.1 Passenger use of technology at airports, 2016 (%) 210 6.1 Passengers feeling positive or negative emotions during the airport journey (%) 239 7.1 Non-aeronautical revenue per passenger at ACI airports by world region, 2015 260 7.2 Non-aeronautical revenue at ACI airports by revenue source, 2015 261 7.3 Concession and car parking revenue at London Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted airports (%), 2016 269 7.4 Dwell time (minutes) by journey stage, 2015 271 7.5 Penetration rate (%) by commercial category, 2015 275 vii FIGURES 7.6 Non-aeronautical revenue per passenger at Copenhagen, Geneva, Vienna and Zurich, 2005–16 279 8.1 Reasons for passenger airport choice at UK airports, 2011 311 8.2 Use of different types of airport names 317 8.3 Airport use or planned (in the next three years) passenger mobile services, 2017 (%) 337 9.1 The economic impact of airports 351 9.2 Direct jobs at airports, 2013 353 9.3 SEO air connectivity index of top 10 European airports, 2017 363 9.4 Services funded by the UK route development funds 370 9.5 Passenger use of alternative airports to Amsterdam after the introduction of the passenger tax 373 10.1 Surface access mode used at German airports, 2014 396 10.2 Public transport use and targets at selected Norwegian airports 397 10.3 Public transport use at selected UK airports, 2016 400 11.1 Airport passenger growth forecasts by region, 2015–40 416 11.2 Airport passenger forecasts by region, 2040 416 viii Tables 2.1 Examples of airport privatisation through share flotations 19 2.2 Examples of airport privatisation through trade sales 21 2.3 Examples of airport privatisation through concession agreements 26 2.4 Examples of airport privatisation through project finance/BOT 29 2.5 Ownership patterns at main UK airports, 2017 35 2.6 Group/fund ownership at main UK airports, 2017 37 2.7 Airport participation in the US Airport Privatization Pilot Program 43 2.8 Lease rent payments at major Canadian airports, 2016 45 2.9 Total airport traffic at Indian airports, 2002–16 46 2.10 Major privatisation projects at Indian airports 47 2.11 Major privatisation projects at Brazil airports 50 2.12 China’s listed airports 56 2.13 Fraport’s international activities 61 2.14 TAV Airports: portfolio of airports 63 2.15 Vinci Airports: portfolio of airports 65 2.16 NAA’s Sister Airport Agreements 77 3.1 Profitability for 50 major airport operators, 2015 83 3.2 Airport operating revenue sources 88 3.3 Average airport operating revenue and cost structures 91 3.4 Operating revenue and cost structures at a selection of European airports, 2016 93 3.5 Operating revenue and cost structures at a selection of US and Canadian airports, 2016 94 3.6 Operating revenue and cost structures at a selection of other airports, 2016 95 3.7 Performance indicators commonly used to assess economic performance 106 3.8 Performance indicators suggested by ICAO and ACI 107 3.9 Examples of airport performance and efficiency studies: parametric (stochastic) cost/production function methods 111 3.10 Examples of airport performance and efficiency studies: non-parametric index number methods 112 3.11 Examples of airport performance and efficiency studies: non-parametric frontier methods 114 ix TABLES 4.1 Main aeronautical charges at airports 130 4.2 Main features of the 2009 EU airport charges directive 139 4.3 Examples of economic regulation at selected European airports 145 4.4 The X value used for the UK airport price caps 151 4.5 A comparison of the main features of the new and old UK regulatory systems