ISSN: 2521-7135 An Education 4.0 Institution Education in the Era of IR 4.0 Proceedings Seminar on Non-Traditional Security Challenges in a Globalized World: A Common Strategy for Developing Countries Date: 28 November 2019 VOLUME 04 NUMBER 02 NOVEMBER 2019 National Defence College NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka, Bangladesh www.ndc.gov.bd BANGLADESH 1 Seminar on Non-Traditional Security Challenges in a Globalized World: A Common Strategy for Developing Countries Organized for National Defence Course 2019 and Armed Forces War Course 2019 by National Defence College on 28 November 2019 NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE BANGLADESH 3 DISCLAIMER The analysis, opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this seminar proceeding are those of the presenters/authors and were presented as part of a course requirement of National Defence College for academic discourses and do not reflect any opinion or position or views of the College, Bangladesh Armed Forces or any other agencies of Bangladesh Government. Statement, facts or opinion appearing in this seminar proceeding are solely those of the presenters/authors/researchers and do not imply endorsement by editors, publisher or National Defence College, Bangladesh. 4 Foreword Non -Traditional security issues are challenges to the survival and wellbeing of people and states. These issues primarily arise out of climate change, resource scarcity, diseases, natural disaster, irregular migration, food shortage, human and drug trafficking, transnational crimes, etc. causing security complexity and conflict. Again migration is also treated as one of the Non- Traditional security threat and is interlaced with other security issues one resulting from another. For example- environmental insecurity compels people to migrate and migration host community may feel insecure. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nations to Climate Change (CC) ranking seven among the most severely affected countries globally. CC has already impacted several non-traditional security areas including food, water, health and migration in Bangladesh. Therefore, Bangladesh would need to prepare for long-term adaptation strategy identifying all present vulnerabilities and future opportunities, adjusting priorities and trade policies in the agricultural sector while promoting training and education throughout the masses in all possible spheres. Climate Change is a phenomena that has multifarious security implications across the globe. Again Non-Traditional Security issues like migration cause societal and political instability and hence become threats to security. These threats are often transnational that goes beyond national boundary and remedies also call for collective efforts. National solutions are often inadequate and would essentially require regional and multilateral cooperation. It is my pleasure to pen this foreword for “Non -Traditional Security Challenges in a Globalized World: A Common Strategy for Developing Countries”. I would like to thank the faculty members and college staff for their tireless effort in organizing the seminar and making it a success. Finally I appreciate the sincere efforts of the Research and Academic Wing and acknowledge the solemn endeavor of the editorial board to bring out the seminar paper. Lieutenant General Sheikh Mamun Khaled, SUP, rcds, psc, PhD Commandant National Defence College 5 Editorial Non-Traditional Security threats were added to the human security agenda after the Cold War. Energy, food, water, climate change, environment security, economic security, social issues etc. are in a nexus among the well-known Non-Traditional Security threats. Climate change is one of the most serious national security threats that will have significant impacts on natural and coastal resources, ecosystem, human health and settlements and thus affect human wellbeing. At the same time, it is likely to influence large scale human migration and economic and social depression over scarce natural resources leading the political systems of greater uncertainty. Climate change and forced migration have been particularly key areas of concern to global community in recent years. Therefore, a shift from the exclusive stress on territorial security to focusing on people’s security and instead of seeking security through armaments to gaining security through sustainable development is the demand of time. In fine, I must convey sincere thanks and deep felicitation to all concerned who endeavored and co-operated in enriching the paper with their invaluable efforts and delicate suggestions. Moreover, I would like to thank “Editorial Board” for their relentless support and assistance to publish this paper. I promise to continue this effort to bring more diverse and newer topic for the readers in future. Major General A K M Abdullahil Baquee, ndu, rcds, psc Senior Directing Staff (Army) National Defence College 6 Editorial Board Chief Patron Lieutenant General Sheikh Mamun Khaled, SUP, rcds, psc, PhD Editor in Chief Editor and Seminar Sponsor SDS Colonel M A Saadi, afwc, psc Major General A K M Abdullahil Baquee, ndu, rcds, psc Associate Editor Lieutenant Colonel Muhammad Alamgir Iqbal Khan, psc, Arty Assistant Editor Assistant Editor Asst Prof Nishat Sultana, Research Fellow Md Nazrul Islam, Assistant Director 7 Contents Foreword by Commandant, NDC 05 Editorial by Editor in Chief 06 Editorial Board 07 Overview of the Seminar 09 Executive Summary 11 Opening Address of Acting Commandant 20 Address of the Chief Guest 24 Keynote Paper on Climate Change: Impacts on Economy and Security 28 By- Dr. Hassan Mahmud Keynote Paper on Climate Change: Impact on Security and Conflict Situations 33 By- Mr. A K M Mamunur Rashid Keynote Paper on Climate Change and Water: Global to Local Aspects 40 By- Professor Md. Mafizur Rahman Keynote Paper on Security Paradigm of International Labor Migration and Development: An Overview of the State of Bangladeshi Migrant Labors 46 By- Khondoker Mokaddem Hossain, PhD Keynote Paper on Cross Border Forced and Voluntary Migration and Non-Traditional Security Discourse 57 By- Dr. Tasneem Siddiqui Keynote Paper on Migration: The Security Dimension of a Global Phenomena 64 By- Mr Asif Munier Summary of Interactive Session 75 List of Participants 86 8 Overview of the Seminar NDC arranges a good number of seminars for the course members. The seminar on “Non–Traditional Security Challenges in a Globalized World: A Common Strategy for Developing Countries” was held on 28 November 2019” as part of the course curricula of National Defence Course and Armed Forces War Course 2019. Dr. Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury, Bir Bikram, Adviser to the Hon’ble Prime Minister (Power, Energy and Mineral Resources Affairs) of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh graced the seminar as the chief guest. The participants of the seminar include members from different national and international organizations, universities, media, faculty and course members of both National Defence Course and Armed Forces War Course 2019. The seminar was conducted in two sessions. The panel of presenters were divided into two groups covering two sub- themes. In the first session, the first group of panellists presented their keynote papers on “Climate Change-Impact on Economy and Security.” In the second session, the other group of panelists presented keynote papers on “Migration: The Security Dimension of a Global Phenomena”. Both the session were followed by separate interactive sessions where critique groups provided their comments and suggestions to the respective groups. The seminar started with the opening address by the Acting Commandant Major General A K M Abdullahil Baquee, rcds, ndu, psc, Senior Directing Staff (Army). He also acted as the master of the ceremony during the seminar. Professor Dr. Hassan Mahmud, Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, A K M Mamunur Rashid, Climate Change Specialist at UNDP Bangladesh and Professor Md. Mafizur Rahman, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET presented keynote speeches in the first session on “Climate Change-Impact on Economy and Security.” Professor Dr. Khondoker Mokaddem Hossain, Pro Vice Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University, Professor Dr. Tasneem Siddiqui, Department of Political Science, Dhaka University (Founding Chair, Refugee and Migrating Movements Research Unit ) and Mr Asif Munier, Migration and Refugee 9 Specialist presented keynote speech in the second session on “Migration- The Security Dimension of a Global Phenomena”. Professor Dr. Kawser Ahmed, Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka and Professor Dr. Delwar Hossain, Department of International Relations, University of Dhaka moderated the two sessions respectively. The topic of the seminar was very contemporary having a great effect on the national security in all possible dimensions equally applicable to Bangladesh as well as other developing countries of the world. The presentation and the discussion session contributed a lot to fulfil the aim of the seminar. A good number of queries came from the audience which were prudently and holistically answered by the presenters. In short the seminar offered a number of thought provoking insights into the subject. 10 Executive Summary Introduction National Defence College organized a seminar on “Non-Traditional Security challenges in a Globalized World: A Common Strategy for Developing Countries” on 28 November 2019 as part of course curricula of National Defence Course and Armed Forces War Course 2019. Adviser to the Honorable