CYMERIADAU ANHYGOEL ERYRI AMAZING CHARacTERS OF SNOWDONIA CYMERIADAU ANHYGOEL ERYRI - CYNNWYS AMAZING CHARacTERS OF SNOWDONIA - CONTENT Crefydd / Religion Tirwedd a Natur / Nature and Landscape St.Beuno 1 Edward Lhuyd 31 Y Sistersiaid / The Cistercians 1Thomas Pennant 31 Urdd Marchogion St.Ioan / Order of the Knights of St.John 2William Williams (Will Boots) 32 William Morgan 2 Charles Darwin 32 St. John Roberts 3 John Menlove Edwards 33 Rhys Evans 3 Eric Jones 33 Rowland Ellis 4 Cadwalader Evans 4 Llên Gwerin / Folklore Thomas Charles 5 Branwen ferch Llyˆ r 34 Mari Jones 5 Bendigeidfran fab Llyˆ r 35 Lewis Edwards 6 Blodeuwedd 35 Mary Evans (Mari’r Fantell Wen) 6 Lleu Llaw Gyffes 36 Idris Gawr 36 Gwleidyddiaeth / Politics Ceridwen 37 Y Rhufeiniaid / The Romans 7Rhita Gawr 37 Maredudd ap Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd 7 Tegid Foel 38 Llywelyn ap Iorwerth 8 Brenin Arthur 38 Gwenllïan 8 Seithennyn 39 Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 9 Gelert 39 Owain Glyndwˆ r 10 Canthrig Bwt 39 Siwan 10Elen Lhuydog 40 Rhys ap Meredydd 11 Tylwyth Tanddaearol 40 Lowri ap Meredydd 11 Tylwyth Teg 41 Robert ap Rhys 12 Elis ap Rhys 12 Gwylliaid Cochion Mawddwy 13 Cymeriadau / Characters Rowland Fychan 13 Marged ferch Ifan 42 John Jones 14 Mary Owen 42 Thomas Edward Ellis 14 Dorti 43 Siwsi Felen 43 Diwylliant / Culture Teulu Wood 44 Mary Lewis 44 Lleucu Llwyd 15 Annie Ellis 45 Tudur Penllyn 15 Richard Vaughan 45 Edmwnd Prys 16 Dafydd Cadwaladr 46 Thomas Wiliems 16 Betsi Cadwaladr 46 Thomas Prys 17 R.Festyn Davies 47 Dr John Davies 17 Siân Owen 47 Siôn Dafydd 18 Thomas Francis Roberts 48 Ellis Wynne 19 Merched Blaenau Ffestiniog / Blaenau Ffestiniog Ladies 48 Kyffin Williams 19 Orig Williams 48 Siôn Dafydd Las 20 Margaret Davies 20 Henry Owen 20 Pensaernïaeth a Pheirianeg / Elizabeth Baker 21 Architecture and Engineering Joseph Mallord William Turner 21 James o St.George 49 Evan Evans (Ieuan Glan Geirionydd) 21 Thomas Telford 49 Michael D.Jones 22 Syr / Sir Clough Williams-Ellis 50 Richard Griffith (Carneddog) 22 Syr / Sir Owen Morgan Edwards 23 Angharad James 23 Cydnabyddiaethau / Robert Roberts (Bob Tai’r Felin) 24 Acknowledgements 51 T.Osborne Roberts 24 Humphrey Jones 24 Robert Owen (Bob Owen Croesor) 25 Ellis Humphrey Evans (Hedd Wyn) 25 Morris Davies (Moi Plas) 26 Syr / Sir T.H.Parry-Williams 26 Kate Roberts 27 Syr / Sir Ifan ab Owen Edwards 27 Meirion Williams 28 Caradog Prichard 28 Richie Thomas 29 Marion Eames 29 Gwyn Thomas 29 Sarah Jones 30 Merched y Wawr 30 CYMERIADAU ANHYGOEL ERYRI AMAZING CHARacTERS OF SNOWDONIA Crefydd Religion St.Beuno - Llanycil Sant / Saint m. / d. ?642 Ychydig iawn y gwyddom am Feuno Sant, ond mae ei enw yn lled-gysylltiedig â nifer o eglwysi yng ngogledd orllewin Cymru, gan gynnwys Eglwys Beuno Sant, Llanycil. Mae’n debyg fod Beuno yn byw yn ystod y G6-7, ac yn ôl ‘Buchedd Beuno’ yn Llyfr Ancr Llanddewibrefi, roedd o’n ddyn dawnus iawn: yn ôl y sôn gallai adfer pennau pobl â ddienyddiwyd! Maen nhw hefyd yn dweud mai Beuno oedd y cyntaf o’r Cymry i glywed yr iaith Saesneg yn cael ei siarad, sef profiad mor ddychrynllyd nes iddo ffoi o’i gartref ar lannau’r afon Hafren, yr holl ffordd i Wynedd. Ymddengys mai Clynnog yng Ngwynedd oedd cartref olaf Beuno, ac yno y bu farw ar Ebrill 21ain – y dyddiad y cynhelir Gwˆ yl Beuno byth er hynny. Very little is known of Saint Beuno, but his name is widely associated with several churches in north west Wales, including St.Beuno’s Church, Llanycil. Beuno apparently lived during the C6-7, and according to ‘Buchedd Beuno’ (‘Beuno’s Life’) in Llyfr Ancr Llanddewibrefi, he was a very talented man: it is said that he could restore the heads of executed people! They also say that Beuno was the first Welsh person to hear the English language being spoken – such a horrifying experience that he ran away from his home on the shores of the river Severn all the way to Gwynedd. Clynnog, in Gwynedd is said to have been the final home of Beuno, and he died there on April 21st – the day which is now annually commemorated as Beuno’s Saint Day. Y Sistersiaid / The Cistercians - Llanelltyd Urdd Fynachaidd / Order of Monks G12 / C12 Urdd Fynachaidd Ffrengig oedd y Sistersiaid, a sefydlwyd yn ardal Bwrgwyn yn y G11. Bu ganddynt bresenoldeb amlwg yng Nghymru, ar ffurf 13 mynachlog, gan gynnwys Abaty Cymer yn Llanelltyd, a sefydlwyd yn 1198-99. Yn draddodiadol, cefnogai’r Sistersiaid achos y Tywysogion Cymreig, a chyfranasant at ddiwylliant Gymreig trwy gopïo trawsysgrifau a chroesawu beirdd i’r mynachlogydd. Gwnaethant hefyd gyfraniad economaidd trwy’r diwydiant wlân a buont yn ddolen hollbwysig rhwng Cymru ac Ewrop. Daeth y traddodiad Sistersaidd yng Nghymru i ben yn ystod yr 1530au, pan basiwyd Deddfau Diddymu’r Mynachlogydd gan Harri VIII. The Cistercians were a French order of Monks, established in the Burgundy region in the C11. They had a sizeable presence in Wales in the form of 13 abbeys, including Cymer Abbey in Llanelltyd, established in 1198-99. Traditionally, the Cistercians supported the campaigns of the Welsh Princes, and made a valid contribution to Welsh culture by transcribing various original works and welcoming poets into the abbeys. The Cistercians were also an economically active order, trading wool and they were an important link between Wales and Europe. The Cistercian tradition in Wales came to an end in the 1530s, when the Dissolution of the Monasteries Act was passed by King Henry VIII. 01 Urdd Marchogion St.Ioan Order of the Knights of St.John Ysbyty Ifan Urdd Fynachaidd / Order of Monks G13 / C13 Sefydlwyd Urdd Marchogion Sant Ioan o Gaersalem yn sgîl Rhyfel Cyntaf y Groes yn c.1099 yng Nghaersalem. Sefydlodd yr urdd eu hosbis, neu lety, cyntaf yn Slebech, Sir Benfro yng nghanol y G12, a chyn diwedd y ganrif, roedden nhw wedi cyrraedd Dôl Gynwal (Ysbyty Ifan heddiw). Yn 1222, rhoddodd Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ganiatâd i’r urdd sefydlu hosbis yn Nôl Gynwal, er mwyn cynorthwyo’r tlodion. Fandaleiddiwyd yr hosbis yn y G13 gan fyddin Edward I yn ystod ei ymgyrch yn erbyn Tywysogion Gwynedd a thalwyd iawndal o £95 i’r Urdd. Erbyn 1291 cafodd yr Urdd ei esgusodi rhag talu trethi, mewn cydnabyddiaeth o’i waith da. Yn 1400, targedwyd yr hosbis gan drais unwaith eto, yn ystod Gwrthryfel Glyndwˆ r y tro hwn, ac yn fuan wedyn, dirywiodd gyfraith a threfn lleol a daeth yr ardal yn enwog fel lloches i droseddwyr. Serch hynny, roedd gan yr hosbis enw da am ei groeso a’i letygarwch, a dathlodd nifer o feirdd, gan gynnwys Dafydd Nanmor, yr hosbis yn eu cerddi. The Order of the Knights of St John was established in Jerusalem, at the end of the first Crusade, in 1099. The Order established their first hospice, or shelter, in Slebech, Pembrokeshire in the mid C12, and before the end of the century, the order had arrived in Dôl Gynwal (now known as Ysbyty Ifan). In 1222, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth’s charter gave permission for the order to establish a hospice in Dôl Gynwal, to aid the poor. The hospice was vandalised in the C13 by Edward I’s army during the campaign against the Princes of Gwynedd and the Order was paid compensation of £95. By 1291, the hospice was excused from paying taxes, in recognition of its good work. In 1400, the hospice was the target of violence once again, this time during the Glyndwˆ r Rebellion, and soon after, local law and order broke down, with the area becoming infamous as a safe haven for criminals. The hospice was, however, well known for its warm welcome and hospitality, and several poets, including Dafydd Nanmor composed poems celebrating it. William Morgan - Penmachno Esgob a Chyfieithydd / Bishop and Translator c.1545-1604 Ganwyd William Morgan yn Nhyˆ Mawr Wybrnant, Penmachno i deulu o is-foneddigion. Bu’n fyfyriwr yng Ngholeg Sant Ioan, Caergrawnt ac yna’n glerigwr yn Llanbadarn Fawr, Y Trallwng, Dinbych, Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, Llanarmon, Llanfyllin a Phennant Melangell. Fe’i apwyntiwyd yn Esgob Llandaf yn 1595 ac yn Esgob Llanelwy yn 1601. Awgrymir iddo ddechrau ar waith cyfieithu’r Beibl i’r Gymraeg tra’n fyfyriwr yng Nghaergrawnt ond ni gwblhawyd y gwaith nes ei gyfnod yn Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant (1578-c.95). Cyhoeddwyd y Beibl Cymraeg am y tro cyntaf yn Llundain yn 1588, a chyflwynodd Morgan gopi o’r Beibl i Frenhines Elisabeth I. Nid oes unrhyw amheuaeth o bwysigrwydd y gwaith hwn i oroesiad yr iaith Gymraeg fel iaith dysg, i arddull llenyddiaeth Gymraeg fodern nac ychwaith i’r broses o wreiddio Protestaniaeth yng Nghymru. Yn 1588, hefyd, cyhoeddwyd ‘Llyfr y Salmau’ gan William Morgan. William Morgan was born in T yˆ Mawr Wybrnant, Penmachno to a family of the lower-gentry. He became a student at St.John’s College, Cambridge and then a cleric at Llanbadarn Fawr, Welshpool, Denbigh, Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, Llanarmon, Llanfyllin and Pennant Melangell. He was appointed Bishop of Llandaf in 1595 and Bishop of St.Asaph in 1601. It is suggested that he began translating the Bible into Welsh as a student in Cambridge, but the work wasn’t completed until his time at Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant (1578-c.95). The Welsh Bible was published for the first time in London in 1588 and Morgan presented a copy to Queen Elizabeth I. There is no doubt of the importance of this work to the survival of the Welsh language as a language of learning, to the style of modern Welsh literature, nor to the process of rooting Protestantism in Wales.