國立臺灣師範大學英語學系 碩 士 論 文 Master Thesis Department of English National Taiwan Normal University 臺灣國語口說和書寫中文的英語化現象 Englishization of Oral and Written Mandarin in Taiwan 指導教授：張妙霞 Advisor: Dr. Miao-Hsia Chang 研 究 生：魏肇慧 Chao-Hui Wei 中 華 民 國 一零一 年 七 月 July, 2012 摘要 本研究旨在探討口語和書面中文西化的現象。過去諸多關於中文西化的研究 指出此現象不僅侷限於詞彙和構辭層面，甚至影響句法結構。基於過去文獻所歸 納之重要西化句法結構，本研究進一步分析和比較二十年來台灣書寫中文的句法 西化程度和使用情形。此外，過去研究皆宥於書面中文而未有系統且完整地討論 口說中文的西化現象，因此本研究特別探討口說中文之西化，並和書寫中文之結 果相較。 書面資料取自於新新聞雜誌和天下雜誌；至於口說資料則採用談話性節目， 包括今晚誰當家、王牌大賤諜、關鍵時刻和夢想街 57 號。結果顯示書寫中文方 面之西化在二十年前即已很顯著，故和現今書面中文差異不大。而口說中文的西 化情形亦很明顯，顯示西化句法結構並不限於翻譯或書寫，而深入至一般日常生 活，成為中文語法的一部分。 此外，比較書面和口說中文後，發現西化句型的分布有極顯著之不同；而造 成差異的原因主要歸因於口說和書寫此兩種不同表達方式的特色，譬如口說的即 時性和互動。值得注意的是，西化句型在書面和口說中文的分布和其對應之英語 句型在書面和口說英文的分布相一致，此結果進一步支持這些結構確為英語化之 句型。 關鍵字：英語化，語言接觸 i Abstract The Englishization of Mandarin has been a hot issue since 1950s. Previous studies have pointed out plenty of Englishized syntactic structures in Mandarin. However, the latest linguistic study of Englishization of Taiwan Mandarin was conducted in 1994. Considering the rapid development in these twenty years, it is interesting to observe the development of Englishization nowadays. In addition, since Englishization of the oral Mandarin has never been systematically studied before, the present study aims to investigate the frequency and distribution of Englishization of Taiwan Mandarin in writing and also speaking. The written data used in the current research are from two magazines, 新新聞 Xinxinwen ‘The Journalist’ and 天下 Tienxia ‘Common Wealth’. The oral data are collected from four talk shows, 今晚誰當家 Jinwan shei dangjia ‘Who Hosts Tonight’ and 王牌大賤諜 Wangpai da jiandie ‘Top Spy’, 關鍵時刻 Guanjian shike ‘Crucial Moment’ and 夢想街 57 號 Mengxiangjie 57hao ‘No.57 Dream Street’. The results reveal that the Englishized structures suggested in the literature have already localized as part of Chinese grammar at least early since twenty years ago. Thus, the comparison between the writing in 1988 and in 2010 does not show significant difference. As for the Englishized structures in oral Taiwan Mandarin, it is found that they are popular in speaking, revealing that the use of Englishized structures is not limited to translation or writing but extends to the speech as common expressions. Comparing the results of the written data and oral data, there is significant difference of the distribution of Englishized structures between two language modes. The causes of difference can be attributed to the diverse linguistic features in spoken and written languages. Moreover, the distribution of examined Englishized structures in the written and oral data corresponds to the literature of written and spoken English ii respectively, giving supports to the proposal of these structures as Englishized ones. Key words: Englishization, language contact iii Table of Contents Chinese Abstract ...................................................................................................... i English Abstract ...................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ......................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................. ix Chapter One Introduction .......................................................................................1 1.1 Motivation and Goals ........................................................................................1 1.2 Research Questions ...........................................................................................3 1.3 Method .............................................................................................................3 1.3.1 Data Collection ...........................................................................................4 1.3.2 Data Analysis .............................................................................................5 Chapter Two Literature Review ..............................................................................6 2.1 Language Contact .............................................................................................6 2.1.1 The Types of Language Contact .................................................................6 2.1.2 The Results of Language Contact .............................................................8 2.1.2.1 Contact Induced Language Change ......................................................8 2.1.2.2 Extreme Language mixture .................................................................... 10 2.1.2.3 Language Death ................................................................................. 11 2.1.3 Interim Summary ...................................................................................... 12 2.2 Historical Development of Englishization of Chinese .................................. 12 2.3 Englishization of Chinese: Diachronic and Synchronic Approaches ............. 15 2.4 Englishized Syntactic Structures .................................................................. 19 2.4.1 Increasing Use of Subjects ........................................................................ 20 2.4.2 Increased use of the copula shi ‘to be’ ...................................................... 22 2.4.3 Lengthening of sentences: modifying clauses with head nouns ................. 24 iv 2.4.4 Variety of third person and impersonal singular and plural pronouns ........ 27 2.4.5 Extended use of the passive construction 被 Bei ....................................... 28 2.4.6 Use of preposition and increasing use of conjunction ................................ 31 2.4.7 當 Dang ‘When’ as a conjunction ............................................................ 32 2.4.8 在 Zai as preposition and an auxiliary ....................................................... 34 2.4.9 Increasing use of 一 Yi (one) and Classifiers ............................................ 36 2.4.10 Reversing the order of subordinating clauses .......................................... 38 2.4.11 Pronoun before the antecedent ................................................................ 39 2.4.12 Pronominal heads with adjective or adjective clauses .............................. 40 2.4.13 Position of the Speaker in Direct Quotations ........................................... 40 2.4.14 前者…後者 Qianzhe…houzhe ‘the former…, the latter’ ......................... 41 2.4.15 Expansion of the Construction 可能 Keneng ‘May’ ................................ 42 2.4.16 The construction of 之一 Zhiyi ‘one of’ ................................................. 43 2.4.17 Pronouns in possessive and object position ............................................. 44 2.4.18 Lexical nominalization ........................................................................... 45 2.4.19 Interim Summary .................................................................................... 46 2.5 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................ 49 Chapter Three Results and Discussion .................................................................. 50 3.1 The Results of the Written Data in 1988 and 2010 ........................................... 50 3.1.1 Pronouns .................................................................................................. 50 3.1.1.1 Increasing use of pronouns as subject ................................................. 51 3.1.1.2 Increasing use of pronouns as object and possessive .......................... 55 3.1.2 Long Pre-modifiers ................................................................................... 58 3.1.3 Insertion of Yi ‘one’ and Classifiers .......................................................... 61 3.1.4 Passive Structure Bei ................................................................................ 64 3.1.5 Lexical Verbal Nominalization ................................................................. 67 3.1.6 Concessive Clauses in the Final Position .................................................. 70 v 3.1.7 Other Englishized Patterns ........................................................................ 70 3.1.7.1 Other Prepositions ............................................................................. 71 3.1.7.2 之一 Zhiyi ‘one of’ ............................................................................ 73 3.1.7.3 前者…後者 Qianzhe…houzhe ‘the former… the latter’ ..................... 73 3.1.8 Summary and Discussion .......................................................................... 74 3.2 The Results of the Oral Data in 2010 ............................................................... 75 3.2.1 Pronouns .................................................................................................. 76 3.2.1.1 Increasing use of subject pronouns ................................................... 76 3.2.1.2 Increasing use of object pronouns .................................................... 86 3.2.1.3 Increasing use of possessive pronouns ............................................. 89 3.2.2 Long Pre-modifiers ................................................................................... 93 3.2.3 Insertion of Yi ‘one’ and Classifiers .......................................................... 95 3.2.4 Passive Structure Bei ...............................................................................