Heads of State and Government During the Cold War Belgium: • (1939-47/ 1949-1950/ 1954-1958) Robert Gillon- Liberal party • (1947-1949) Henri Rolin- Belgian Socialist Party • (1950-1954/ 1958-1973) Paul Struye- Humanist Democratic Centre • (1973-1977) Pierre Harmel- PSC • (1977-1980) Robert Vandekerckhove- CVP • (1980-1987) Edward Leemans- CVP • (1988 march-may) Roger Lallemand- PS • (1988 may-october) Lambert Kelchtermans- CVP • (1988-1955) Frank Swaelen- CVP China: • 1943-1976 Mao Zedong- Communist Party of China • (17 January 1975 – 6 July 1976) Zhu De- Communist Party of China • (6 July 1976 – 5 March 1978) Soong Ching-ling- Communist Party of China • (5 March 1978 – 5 March 1983) Ye Jianying -Communist Party of China • (1983-1988) Li Xiannian -Communist Party of China • (1988-1993) Yang Shangkun -Communist Party of China Czechoslovakia: • (1948-1953) Klement Gottwald- Communist Party of Czechoslovakia • (1953-1968) Antonin Novotny- KSČ • (1968-1969) Alexander Dubček- KSČ • (1969-1987) Gustav Husak-KSČ • (1987-1989) Milos Jakes- KSČ Denmark: • (1945-1947) Knud Kristensen- Venstre • (1947-1950/ 1953-55) Hans Hedtoft- Social Democrats • (1950-1953) Erik Eriksen- Venstre • (1955-1960) Hans Christian Hansen- Social Democrats • (1960-1968/ 1971-72) Jens Otto Krag- Social Democrats • (1982-1993) Poul Schlüter- Conservative Estonia: Aleksander Warma- Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Estonian Exile Government France: • (1959-1969) Charles de Gaulle- Union for the New Republic • (1969-1974) Georges Pompidou- Union of democrats for the republic • (1974-1981) Valéry Giscard d'Estaing- Independent republicans • (1981-1995) François Mitterrand- workers party East Germany: Wilhelm Pieck- Socialist Unity Party of Germany West Germany: Konrad Adenauer- Christian Democratic Union of Germany Greece: Georgios Papadopoulos- Military Dictatorship Hungarian people’s republic: Imre Nagy- Hungarian Working People's Party Iceland: Sveinn Björsson- Multi-Party System Italy: • (1948-1945) Luigi Einaudi- Liberal Party • (1955-1964) Giovanni Gronchi- Christian democracy • (1971-1978) Giovanni Leone- Christian democracy • (1978-1985) Sandro Pertini- Liberal-socialist Political Party Japan: Shigeru Yoshida- Democratic Liberal Party (1946-1947, 1948-1954) Norway: Einar Gerhardsen- Labour Party of Norway Polish People’s Republic: • (1948-1956) Bolesław Bierut- Polish workers Party • (1956-1970) Władysław Gomułka- Polish Workers Party • (1970-1980) Edward Gierek- Polish Workers Party • (1981-1989) Wojciech Jaruzelski- Polish workers party Russian Federation(URSS): Nikita Jruschov- Russian Communist Party (1958-1964) Spain: Francisco Franco- Dictator (1939-1975) The Netherlands: Willem Drees- Labour party Turkey: Celal Bayar- Democrat UK: • (1951-1955) Winston Churchill- Conservative Party • (1955-1957) Anthony Eden- Conservative • (1957-1963) Maurice Harold-Macmillan- Conservative • (1963-1964) Alec Douglas-Home- Conservative • (1964-1970) Harold Wilson- Labour • (1970-1974) Edward Heath- Conservative • (1974-1976) James H.Wilson- Labour • (1976-1979) James Callaghan- Labour • (1979-1990) Margaret Thatcher- Conservative USA: • (1953-1960) John F. Kennedy- Democrat • (1965-1969) Lyndon B. Johnson- Democrat • (1969-1974) Richard Nixon- Republican • (1977-1981) Jimmy Carter- Democrat • (1981-1989) Ronald Reagan- Republican • (1989-1993) George H. W. Bush- Republican .