United States Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs International Narcotics Control Strategy Report Volume I Drug and Chemical Control March 2013 INCSR 2013 Volume 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Common Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ iv International Agreements ......................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Legislative Basis for the INCSR ................................................................................................................ 2 Presidential Determination ........................................................................................................................ 5 Major Illicit Drug Producing, Drug-Transit, Significant Source, Precursor Chemical, and Money Laundering Countries .............................................................................................................................. 13 Policy and Program Developments ........................................................................... 15 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Demand Reduction ................................................................................................................................. 19 Methodology for U.S. Government Estimates of Illegal Drug Production ............................................... 22 Worldwide Illicit Drug Crop Cultivation 2005-2011.............................................................................. 25 Worldwide Potential Illicit Drug Production 2005-2011 ...................................................................... 26 Parties to UN Conventions ...................................................................................................................... 27 USG Assistance .......................................................................................................... 33 Department of State Budget.................................................................................................................... 34 International Training .............................................................................................................................. 37 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) ................................................................................................ 40 United States Coast Guard (USCG) ....................................................................................................... 42 U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) ........................................................................................... 44 Chemical Controls....................................................................................................... 46 2012 Trends ............................................................................................................................................ 47 The Road Ahead ..................................................................................................................................... 49 Precursors and Essential Chemicals ...................................................................................................... 49 International Regulatory Framework for Chemical Control ..................................................................... 50 Major Chemical Source Countries and Territories .................................................................................. 50 Significant Illicit Drug Manufacturing Countries ...................................................................................... 64 Major Exporters and Importers of Pseudoephedrine and Ephedrine (Section 722, Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act (CMEA) .............................................................................................. 71 INCB Tables on Licit Requirements ........................................................................................................ 75 Country Reports .......................................................................................................... 82 Afghanistan ............................................................................................................................................. 83 Albania .................................................................................................................................................... 88 Argentina ................................................................................................................................................. 89 Armenia ................................................................................................................................................... 92 Azerbaijan ............................................................................................................................................... 93 The Bahamas .......................................................................................................................................... 94 Belize ....................................................................................................................................................... 98 Bolivia .................................................................................................................................................... 102 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....................................................................................................................... 107 Brazil ..................................................................................................................................................... 108 Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................................. 111 Burma .................................................................................................................................................... 112 Cambodia .............................................................................................................................................. 117 Canada .................................................................................................................................................. 118 i INCSR 2013 Volume 1 Table of Contents Cape Verde ........................................................................................................................................... 122 Chile ...................................................................................................................................................... 123 China ..................................................................................................................................................... 124 Colombia ............................................................................................................................................... 127 Costa Rica ............................................................................................................................................. 132 Croatia ................................................................................................................................................... 137 Cuba ...................................................................................................................................................... 138 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) ......................................................... 141 Dominican Republic .............................................................................................................................. 142 Dutch Caribbean ................................................................................................................................... 147 Eastern Caribbean ................................................................................................................................ 150 Ecuador ................................................................................................................................................. 154 Egypt ..................................................................................................................................................... 159 El Salvador ............................................................................................................................................ 160 French Caribbean ................................................................................................................................. 165 Georgia .................................................................................................................................................. 166 Germany................................................................................................................................................ 169 Ghana .................................................................................................................................................... 170 Guatemala 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