University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations December 2017 The aC nine Surrogacy Approach and Paleobotany: An Analysis of Wisconsin Oneota Agricultural Production and Risk Management Strategies Richard Wynn Edwards University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Edwards, Richard Wynn, "The aC nine Surrogacy Approach and Paleobotany: An Analysis of Wisconsin Oneota Agricultural Production and Risk Management Strategies" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 1609. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1609 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CANINE SURROGACY APPROACH AND PALEOBOTANY: AN ANALYSIS OF WISCONSIN ONEOTA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES by Richard W. Edwards IV A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2017 ABSTRACT: THE CANINE SURROGACY APPROACH AND PALEOBOTANY: AN ANALYSIS OF WISCONSIN ONEOTA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES by Richard W. Edwards IV The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2017 Under the Supervision of Robert Jeske The goal of this research is to investigate the nature of Upper Mississippian subsistence systems (circa AD 1050-1450), to evaluate the role of agriculture, and to understand how these dietary choices are related to risk management systems and the development of cultural complexity in the Midcontinent. The research uses the Koshkonong Locality of southeastern Wisconsin as a case study and compares it to other Upper Mississippian groups throughout Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois, Middle Mississippian groups in Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin, and contemporaneous Late Woodland groups in southeastern Wisconsin. This study uses two primary lines of evidence; macrobotanical remains and dietary isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) from dogs. The dog values are interpreted as proxies for human food consumption though the lens of the canine surrogacy approach (CSA). Regionally, the data indicate maize was foundational to all examined Upper and Middle Mississippian populations, Upper Mississippians distributed food more equitably than Middle Mississippians, and each Upper Mississippian locality buffered maize in a unique manner. Locally, the data indicate that the Koshkonong residents were under stress from structural violence and that intralocality cooperation would have been essential for the subsistence system to have functioned effectively. ii © Copyright by Richard W. Edwards IV, 2017 All Rights Reserved iii For Jacob, Emily, Mason, Connor, and baby Hill You can do anything you want if you work hard and aim high iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... xiii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 EVALUATING RISK MANAGEMENT IN ONEOTA SOCIETIES: ....................................................................................... 5 PREVIOUS ONEOTA SUBSISTENCE RESEARCH: ........................................................................................................... 8 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION: .................................................................................................................... 9 2. Cultural History and Archaeological Background ................................................................ 11 DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF PRIMARY STUDY SITES: ............................................................................................. 30 DESCRIPTIONS OF COMPARATIVE SITES: ................................................................................................................. 42 SUMMARY: .............................................................................................................................................................. 60 3. Risk Management and Other Theoretical Considerations .................................................... 61 INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................................................................................................... 61 DEFINING RISK: ....................................................................................................................................................... 64 GENERAL RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES:.......................................................................................................... 67 AGRICULTURAL RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: ................................................................................................. 73 RISK AND UNCERTAINTY ......................................................................................................................................... 77 A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ONEOTA SUBSISTENCE: .................................................................................... 86 SUMMARY: ............................................................................................................................................................ 104 4. Methods & Methodology .................................................................................................... 107 INTRODUCTION: ..................................................................................................................................................... 107 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 107 PALEOETHNOBOTANY SAMPLING STRATEGY: ....................................................................................................... 125 CANINE SURROGACY APPROACH/ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS METHODS: ........................................................................ 128 EVALUATION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS: .............................................................................................................. 130 5. Results of Macrobotanical Data Collection ........................................................................ 134 INTRODUCTION: ..................................................................................................................................................... 134 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL ANALYSIS: CRESCENT BAY HUNT CLUB: ...................................................................... 134 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL ANALYSIS: KOSHKONONG CREEK VILLAGE: ................................................................. 142 COMPARISON OF KCV AND CBHC ........................................................................................................................ 150 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS: ................................................................................................................................... 159 DIACHRONIC TRENDS ............................................................................................................................................ 168 STRUCTURE COMPARISONS: .................................................................................................................................. 177 SUMMARY OF BOTANICAL ANALYSIS: ................................................................................................................... 182 6. Results of Isotopic Data Collection .................................................................................... 184 INTRODUCTION: ..................................................................................................................................................... 184 COMPARATIVE SITE DATA, HUMAN BONE Δ13C AND Δ15N LEVELS: ....................................................................... 185 CANINE SURROGACY APPROACH ISOTOPE RESULTS: ............................................................................................ 192 INTEGRATING THE DATASETS: A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE .................................................................................... 197 7. Analysis and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 212 INTRODUCTION: ..................................................................................................................................................... 212 QUESTION 1: WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE FLORAL PORTION OF THE ONEOTA DIET? ........................................... 212 1.1 WHICH PLANTS WERE THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DIET? .............................................................. 212 1.2 WHAT ROLE DID AGRICULTURAL PLANTS PLAY? .......................................................................................... 213 1.3 DID THE RESIDENTS OF CBHC AND KCV RELY ON THE SAME FOODS? ........................................................ 221 1.4 DID THE RESIDENTS OF CBHC AND KCV USE THE SAME ENVIRONMENTAL