Nationalism in the Troubled Triangle New Perspectives on South-East Europe Series Editors: Spyros Econmides, Senior Lecturer in International Relations and European Politics, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Kevin Featherstone, Professor of Contemporary Greek Studies, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Sevket Pamuk, Professor of Contemporary Turkish Studies, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Series Advisory Board: Richard Crampton, Emeritus Professor of Eastern European History at St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford Vladimir Gligorov, Staff Economist specialising in Balkan countries, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, Austria Jacques Rupnik, Senior Research Fellow at the Centre d’études et de recherches internationales of Sciences Po, France Susan Woodward, Professor, The Graduate Programme in Political Science at The City University of New York, USA. South-East Europe presents a compelling agenda: a region that has challenged European identities, values and interests like no other at formative periods of modern history, and is now undergoing a set of complex transitions. It is a region made up of new and old European Union member states, as well as aspiring ones; early ‘democratising’ states and new post-communist regimes; states undergoing liberalising economic reforms, partially inspired by external forces, whilst coping with their own embedded nationalisms; and states obliged to respond to new and recurring issues of security, identity, well-being, social integration, faith and secularisation. This series examines issues of inheritance and adaptation. The disciplinary reach incorporates politics and international relations, modern history, economics and political economy and sociology. It links the study of South- East Europe across a number of social sciences to European issues of democratisation and economic reform in the post-transition age. It addresses ideas as well as institutions, policies as well as processes. It will include studies of the domestic and foreign policies of single states, relations between states and peoples in the region, and between the region and beyond. The EU is an obvious reference point for current research on South-East Europe, but this series also highlights the importance of South-East Europe in its eastern con- text, the Caucusus, the Black Sea and the Middle East. Nationalism in the Troubled Triangle Cyprus, Greece and Turkey Edited by Ayhan Aktar Professor, Department of International Relations, Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey Niyazi Kızılyürek, Professor, Department of Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cyprus, Cyprus and Umut Özkırımlı Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey; Senior Visiting Fellow, The Hellenic Observatory, London School of Economics Editorial matter and selection © Ayhan Aktar, Niyazi Kızılyürek, Umut Özkırımlı 2010 All remaining chapters © respective authors 2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-57915-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-36780-1 ISBN 978-0-230-29732-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230297326 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Contents Acknowledgements vii Notes on the Contributors viii Introduction xiii Ayhan Aktar, Niyazi Kızılyürek and Umut Özkırımlı 1 Bringing History Back into Nationalism? 1 John Breuilly Part I Turkish and Greek Nationalisms: Past and Present 2 Conversion of a ‘Country’ into a ‘Fatherland’: The Case of Turkification Examined, 1923–1934 21 Ayhan Aktar 3 The Use and Abuse of Archaeology and Anthropology in Formulating the Turkish Nationalist Narrative 36 Suavi Aydın 4 Turkish Nationalism Reconsidered: The ‘Heaviness’ of Statist Patriotism in Nation-Building 47 Günay Göksu Özdog˘an 5 Dismantling the Millet: Religion and National Identity in Contemporary Greece 61 Renée Hirschon 6 Nationalism in Greece and Turkey: Modernity, Enlightenment, Westernization 76 Spyros A. Sofos and Umut Özkırımlı 7 Nostalgia, Self-Exile and the National Idea: The Case of Andrea Mustoxidi and the Early Nineteenth-Century Heptanesians of Italy 98 Konstantina Zanou 8 Narratives of Diplomats: Representations of Nationalism and Turkish Foreign Policy in Cyprus, 1970–1991 112 . Gül Inanç 9 Alternative Forms of Nationalism: Superiority through Law in Greek Foreign Policy 130 Harry Tzimitras v vi Contents Part II Nationalism in Cyprus: Past and Present 10 History, Myth and Nationalism: The Retrospective Force of National Roles within a Myth-Constructed Past 149 Michalis N. Michael 11 Securing the Office of Müftü: Nationalism, Religion and the Turks of Cyprus 160 Altay Nevzat 12 Rauf Denktas¸: Fear and Nationalism in the Turkish Cypriot Community 175 Niyazi Kızılyürek 13 The Complexities of Greek Nationalism in its Cypriot Version 194 Sia Anagnostopoulou 14 The Referendum of 24 April 2004: A Resounding Victory for Greek Cypriot Nationalism 204 Caesar V. Mavratsas 15 AKEL: Between Nationalism and ‘Anti-Imperialism’ 218 Stavros Tombazos Notes 236 Bibliography 257 Index 274 Acknowledgements This book grew out of a conference we organized on 10–11 November 2006 at the University of Cyprus. We would like to thank the University of Cyprus and in particular the students of the Department of Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies who helped us with the many exigencies of this conference. We would also like to express our gratitude to the participants of this conference for kindly allowing us to assemble their papers in an edited volume. We owe special thanks to Michael Walsh, Associate Professor of Art History at Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, for his meticulous editing and to Cemil Boyraz and Eirini Kechriotis for preparing the final manuscript for publication. Finally, we would like to thank the anonymous reviewers of Palgrave Macmillan for their comments and criticisms on an earlier draft of this book and our editors, Amy Lankester-Owen and Alison Howson, for believing in this collective endeavour. vii Notes on the Contributors Ayhan Aktar worked at the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Marmara University, Istanbul until his early retirement in 2006. He also worked as a Visiting Professor at the Department of Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cyprus, Nicosia before joining the Department of International Relations at Istanbul Bilgi University as an adjunct Professor. He was one of the organizers of the conference titled as ‘The Ottoman Armenians dur- ing the Demise of the Empire: Issues of Democracy and Scientific Responsibility’ which was held in Istanbul, September 2005. His publica- tions include Varlık Vergisi ve ‘Türkles¸tirme’ Politikaları [Capital Levy and ‘Turkification’ Policies] (2000) and Türk Milliyetçilig˘i, Gayrimüslimler ve Ekonomik Dönüs¸üm [Turkish Nationalism, Non-Muslims and Economic Transformations] (2006). Recently, a collection of his articles have been translated into Greek and will be published under the title of I Tourkia stous Tourkous [Turkey belongs to Turks!] (2010). Sia Anagnostopoulou is Associate Professor of History at the Depart- ment of Political Science and History of Panteion University, Athens. She also taught at the Department of Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Nicosia between 1995 and 2004. Her publications include Mikra Asia, 19os Ai.–1919: Hoi Hellenorthodoxes Koinotetes Apo to Millet Ton Romion Sto Helleniko Ethnos [Asia Minor: The Greek Orthodox Communities, Nineteenth Century–1919: From the Rum Millet to the Greek Nation] (1997), Tourkikos Eksynchronismos: Islam Kai Tourkokyprioi Ste Daidalode Diadrome Tou Kemalismou [The Modernization of Turkey: Islam in Relation to Kemalism] (2004) and a collection of articles From the Ottoman Empire to the Nation-States: The Case of Greece and Cyprus (2004, in French and English). Suavi