ANTHROPOLOGY MAINS TEST SERIES TEST NO: 7 MODEL ANSWERS Model Test 7 answers 1)a)Pseudo-tribalism:-Pseudo-tribalism is act of false claim to be tribe. People who do not belong to tribal groups are claiming the status of reservation. So, they started migration to those areas where they are included in STs. Example- Lambadas. First stage of Pseudo-tribalism is bands which are converted into tribes are losing their tribal identity by becoming centralized kingdom. They also try to convert into tribals by marrying tribals. Some of the tribes are converting into non-tribes by Bhagat Movements, Sanskritization. Case Study:- A community may be Scheduled Tribe in one State and it may be Scheduled Caste in another State and same may be backward class or forward class in another State. For example, Lambadas or Banjaras or Sugalis are Scheduled Tribes in Andhra Pradesh, but they are classified as Scheduled Castes in Karnataka and Union Territory of Delhi and Backward Class in neighbouring Maharashtra. Korcha community which is synonymous of Yerukula tribe is in the list of Scheduled Castes in Karnataka State and in Andhra Pradesh, they are Scheduled Tribes. Similarly, ‘Goudu’ is Scheduled Tribe within the Agency tracts of Andhra Pradesh but they are not recognized as Scheduled Tribes in adjoining State of Orissa even though they are predominantly found in tribal areas of Odisha. This kind of anomalies leads to emigration of identical communities from a state where they are not Scheduled Tribe to a State where the same group is scheduled in order to utilize the benefits under the attire of Scheduled Tribes. Identical nomenclature of certain communities, sometimes based on identical traditional occupations within the state also is leading to much confusion and facilitating these non-tribal caste groups to claim Scheduled Tribe social status. 1)b)Ethnicity and Race:- Ethnicity:-Ethnicity is a state of belonging to a social group that has a common nation or cultural tradition. This is by definition a fluid concept. Ethnic groups can be broadly or narrowly construed. For example: Indians can be considered as one ethnic group but there are actually dozens of cultural traditions and sub- groups like Gujarati, Bengali, etc. that are also the bonafide ethnic groups. Yet, another example, people in U.K, they may be British, Scottish, Irish and Welsh. Race:- Race is a group of people with common physical features while there are hundreds if not thousands of ethnic groups the number of races is far fewer. Ethnicity Race 1. Ethnicity or ethnic group is a 1. The term Race refers to the concept of population whose members identify dividing population into groups on the with each other on the basis of common basis of various sets of physical nationality or shared culture characteristics which usually results from genetic ancestry. 2. It connotates shared cultural traits and 2.It presumes shared biological or genetic shared group history. Some ethnic traits whether actual or asserted. In the groups also share linguistic/ regional early 19th century racial differences were traits while others share a common ascribed to color, intelligence, etc. but group history but not a common there is no evidence validating these language or religion. claims. 3. Ethnicity is defined in terms of shared 3.Racial categorized shared geneology due to geneology whether actual or presumed. geographical isolation. In the modern world Typically, if people believe that they this geographical isolation has been broken descend from a particular group and down and racial groups have mixed. wants to be associated with that group and then they are in fact members of that group. 4. Ethnic groups distinguish themselves 4.Races assumed to be distinguished by skin differently from one time period to the color, facial type etc. However, the scientific other. They typically seek to define basis of racial distinctions is very weak. themselves but are also defined by Scientific study shows that racial genetic stereotypes of dominant groups. differences are weak except in skin color. 5. In 19th century there was development 5.In the 19th century, the concept of of political ideology of ethnic nationalism was often used to justify the nationalism creating nations based on dominance of one race over another within a presumed or shared ethnic origins for specific nation. example: Germany, Italy and Sweden. 6. In last decades of 20th century in USA 6.In last decades of 20th century, the legal and many other nations the legal system as well as official ideology emphasized system as well as official ideology racial equality. Prohibited ethnic discrimination. 7. Often brutal conflicts have existed 7.Racial prejudice remains a continuing throughout the history and across the problem throughout the world. However, there world but most ethnic groups in fact get are fewer race based conflicts in 20th century along with peacefully with one another than in the past. in most nations most of the times. 8. Examples of Ethnic conflicts: Conflicts 8. Conflicts between Whites, Africans in between Tamilians and Sinhalese in Sri America during civil rights movements. Lanka. Traditional definition of race and ethnicity is related to both biological and social factors respectively. Race refers to person’s physical characteristics like skin color, hair, eye color, etc. Ethnicity, however, refers to cultural factors like nationality, ancestry, language, regional culture, etc. 1)c)Role of Governor in administration of tribal areas:- (A)Role of Governor in Tribal Administration in Fifth Schedule Area:- (i) The Governor is authorized to direct that any particular Act of Parliament or of the State Legislature shall not apply to a Scheduled Area or shall apply, only subject to exceptions or modifications. The Governor is also authorized to make regulations to prohibit or restrict the transfer of land by, or among members of the Scheduled Tribes. (ii)The Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any area in a State which is for the time being a Scheduled Area. (iii)The Governors of the State in which there are “Scheduled Areas” have to submit reports to the President regarding the administration of such Areas. These reports must be submitted by the Governor annually or whenever required by the President. (B)Role of Governor in Tribal Administration in Sixth Schedule Areas:- (i)The Governor’s of the four states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura are empowered to declare some tribal dominated districts/ areas of these states as autonomous districts and autonomous regions by order. No separate legislation is needed for this. The governor also has power to include any other area, exclude any area, increase, decrease, diminish these areas, unite two districts or regions and alter the names and boundaries of these autonomous districts and regions. (ii) The governor can appoint a commission to examine and report on any matter relating to the administration of the autonomous districts or regions. He may dissolve a district or Regional Council on the recommendation of the Commission. 1)d) V Schedule and VI Schedule:- V SCHEDULE (Article 244 (1): The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution defines Scheduled Areas as such areas as the President may y order declare as Scheduled Areas after consultation with the governor of the state. Vth Schedule deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas as well as of Scheduled Tribes in States other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. At present, Scheduled Areas under Fifth Schedule of Indian Constitution have been declared in the 10 States of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana. Tribal habitations in the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir have not been brought under the Fifth or Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Criteria for declaring Scheduled Area under V Schedule of Indian Constitution: The four main criteria’s for declaring any area as a “Scheduled Area” under the Fifth Schedule are: (i)Preponderance of tribal population, (ii)Compactness and reasonable size of the area, (iii)A viable administrative entity such as a district, block or Taluk, and (iv)Economic backwardness of the area as compared to the neighbouring areas. The main features of the administration of Scheduled Areas as provided in V Schedule of Indian Constitution are as follows: (i)The Executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the respective States regarding the administration of the Scheduled Areas. (ii)The Governors of the State in which there are “Scheduled Areas” have to submit reports to the President regarding the administration of such Areas. These reports must be submitted by the Governor annually or whenever required by the President. (iii) Tribes Advisory Councils are to be constituted to give advice on such matters as welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes. (iv)The Constitution provides for the appointment of a Commission to report on the administration of the Scheduled Areas and the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in the States. (v)The President may appoint such Commission at any time, but the appointment of such Commission at the end of 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution was obligatory. (vi)These provisions of the Constitution relating to the administration of the Scheduled Areas and Tribes may be altered by Parliament or by ordinary legislation. VI SCHEDULE: The tribal areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are separately dealt with and provisions for their administration are to be found in the Sixth Schedule to the Indian Constitution. These areas are called tribal areas which are technically different from the Scheduled Areas of the Vth Schedule. Salient provisions of administration of tribal areas under VI Schedule of Indian Constitution are as follows: (i) If there are different tribes in an autonomous district, the governor can divide the district into several autonomous regions.