2001. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 110:104-110 CHECKLIST OF THE CRAYFISH AND FRESHWATER SHRIMP (DECAPODA) OF INDIANA Thomas P. Simon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 620 South Walker Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 ABSTRACT. Crayfish and freshwater shrimp are members of the order Decapoda. All crayfish in In- diana are members of the family Cambaridae, while the freshwater shrimp belong to Palaemonidae. Two genera of freshwater shrimps, each represented by a single species, occur in Indiana. Palaemonetes ka- diakensis and Macrobrachium ohione are lowland forms. Macrobrachium ohione occurs in the Ohio River drainage, while P. kadiakensis occurs statewide in wetlands and lowland areas including inland lakes. Currently, 21 crayfish taxa, including an undescribed form of Cambarus diogenes, are found in Indiana. Another two species are considered hypothetical in occurrence. Conservation status is recommended for the Ohio shrimp Macrobrachium ohione, Indiana crayfish Orconectes indianensis, and both forms of the cave crayfish Orconectes biennis inennis and O. i. testii. Keywords: Cambaridae, Palaemonidae, conservation, ecology The crayfish and freshwater shrimp belong- fish is based on collections between 1990 and ing to the order Decapoda are among the larg- 2000. Collections were made at over 3000 lo- est of Indiana's aquatic invertebrates. Crayfish calities statewide, made in every county of the possess five pair of periopods, the first is mod- state, but most heavily concentrated in south- ified into a large chela and dactyl (Pennak ern Indiana, where the greatest diversity of 1978; Hobbs 1989). The North American species occurs. families, crayfish belong to two Astacidae and The current list of species is intended to Cambaridae with all members east of the Mis- provide a record of the extant and those ex- sissippi River belong to the family Cambari- tirpated from the fauna of Indiana over the last dae (Hobbs 1974a). The freshwater shrimps two centuries (Table 1 ). This list includes new are represented by two genera in a single fam- information and taxonomic changes. This ef- ily, Palaemonidae. fort is the first step of the Indiana Biological The species of Cambaridae in North Amer- Survey to compile a listing of all known spe- ica represent a large family of over 300 de- cies of biota in Indiana. The taxonomic and scribed and numerous undescribed species in nomenclature sources include Hobbs (1989), two subfamilies (Hobbs 1989). The family Williams et al. (1989), Page (1985), Jezerinac also occurs in Japan, Korea, and the Amur et al. (1995) and Pflieger (1996). Many cray- basin of eastern Asia (Hobbs 1974). The Cam- fish species do not possess common names. barellinae include only the genus Cambarel- Species without accepted common names fol- lus, while the Cambarinae include ten genera (Hobbs 1974, 1977; Hobbs & Carlson 1983). lowing Williams et al. (1989) are highlighted The Palaemonidae is represented in North in brackets to signify those proposed in this America by 68 described species in 16 genera study. These names were based on those from (Williams et al. 1989). The family is world- adjacent state lists in Missouri (Pflieger 1996) wide in distribution. and Ohio (Thoma & Jezerinac 2000a). Sub- The purpose of this paper is to list the spe- genera are indicated for all crayfish species. cies of crayfish and freshwater shrimp known Crandall & Fitzpatrick (1996) and Fetzner to occur in Indiana and describe the range, (1993) have completed recent molecular stud- relative abundance, and recommended conser- ies on the phylogeny of Orconectes subgen- vation status. era, which suggests that these relationships METHODS may be doubtful. Use of the Orconectes phy- Distribution and range.—This present logeny relationships presented in this paper survey of Indiana freshwater shrimp and cray- follows Fitzpatrick (1987). 104 SIMON—CRAYFISH AND SHRIMP OF INDIANA 05 Historical collections of Indiana crayfish watt T & J generator capable of 300 V output and freshwater shrimps curated at the Ohio and usually 6—8 amps. All specimens ob- State University Museum (OSM), Illinois Nat- served were captured and a portion was re- ural History Survey (INHS), National Muse- tained for later identification in the laboratory. um of Natural History (NMNH), and Univer- Sites were sampled so that a minimum dis- sity of Michigan Museum of Zoology tance of 15 times the stream width was sam- (UMMZ) were compiled. Historical and re- pled. Each surveyed site consisted of a mini- cent records were compiled to formulate the mum distance of 50 m and a maximum current distribution of Indiana crayfish. distance of 500 m in streams and rivers. Lake The following codes were established to fa- and great river habitats were surveyed for 500 cilitate documentation of species in the State m of littoral shoreline habitat. All available (Table 1). The general range in Indiana is in- habitats were sampled at each location includ- dicated as statewide (I), north (N), south (S), ing riffle, run, pool, various instream cover west (W), east (E), and various combinations types (e.g., woody debris, slab bedrock crev- of these regions. Relative abundance refers to ices, boulders, aquatic macrophytes), and be- the general population levels of the species neath undercut banks. All specimens were within the State. These are based on the abun- placed into a live well and retained until the dance and number of localities where the spe- end of the collection zone. cies has been found. Depending on local and Burrowing species of crayfish were more seasonal conditions, population levels will difficult to obtain. Two collection procedures vary. Relative abundance is listed as four cat- were attempted. For prairie crayfish that re- egories: abundant (A) designations are species mained in burrows, a modified toilet plunger that are easily found at a site in a particular was used to force the crayfish from the bur- region, common (C) are species that are reg- row. An aliquot of water was poured into the ularly found at a site (generally greater than burrow until full, then suction was established 25 individuals) in an area but perhaps not at at the entrance so that a good seal was estab- all locations, occasional (O) designations are lished. Plunging the burrow caused the exit for species that are found at either fewer than holes to become noticeable, and after several five locations or represent less than five spec- attempts the exits were examined to determine imens at a site, and rare (R) designations are if crayfish were present. Attempts to excavate for species that occur at less than five loca- the burrow by digging was foolishly attempt- tions or are represented by a single individual ed next; however, if this failed the identity of at a site. Extirpated species (Ex) are listed the crayfish was based on the external mor- along with the estimated date of disappear- phology of the burrow. Large multiple cham- ance. The State of Indiana does not have a bered chimney-type burrows was assumed to formal conservation listing for crayfish or be Cambarus diogenes, while piled burrows freshwater shrimp. The recommended conser- were assumed to be Procambarus gracilis. vation status has no formal or legal impetus; Single chambered chimney-type burrows were instead it refers to information based on our considered Fallicambarus fodiens. More than data. Federally endangered species are denot- likely I underestimated the distribution of ed as federally endangered (FE), federally prairie species since many of our collections threatened (FT), and federal candidates for were not completed during times when they Federal listing as FC; however, the candidate would have been more vulnerable to our col- listing has no formal status. State endangered lection methods (December-May). species will be represented by three codes: en- RESULTS DISCUSSION dangered (StE), threatened (StT), and special AND concern in need of further study (SC). An ad- Crayfish systematies.—The cambarid ditional designation, exotic (X) is included for crayfish differ from the Astacidae of western accidentally or deliberately released species. North America and Europe by the presence of Collection methodology.—Open water hooks on the ischia of the second through crayfish and freshwater shrimp were sampled fourth pereiopods and dimorphic cycling in by seining, dipnetting, or electrofishing all males (Hobbs 1974). Astacids do not exhibit representative habitats at a locality. Electro- cyclic dimorphism nor ischial hooks. Cam- fishing included the use of a pulsed DC 1850- barid crayfish have a variety of ornate termi- 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE nal elements on the gonopod, while astacid Momot 1967, 1978; Aiken 1969; Weagle & crayfish have simple cylindrical distal ele- Ozburn 1972; Momot & Gowing 1977). ments. The cambarid females have an annulus Life history strategies of Indiana cray- ventralis that is lacking in astacid females. fish.—The life history strategies occurring During the reproductive season, males devel- among Indiana crayfish include cave-dwell- op one or more terminal elements on the gon- ing, non-burrowing and burrowing species. opods (first pleopods) that are corneous. These Cave-dwelling species are adapted for spend- males are referred to as form I. ing their entire existence in caves. Non-bur- Historical studies of Indiana crayfish and rowing crayfish carry out their entire life his- freshwater shrimp.—Most historical infor- tory in surface waters. Burrowing species mation published on Indiana crayfish and spend variable amounts of time in surface wa- freshwater shrimp can be found in Cope ters and periodically leave their burrows to (1872), Packard (1873), Bundy (1877), Hay mate (Simon et al. 2000). Adults of these spe- (1891, 1893, 1896), Williamson (1907), Ev- cies remain above ground only during periods ermann & Clark (1920), Eberly (1955), Hobbs of late winter to spring flooding (January- (1989), Page (1994), and Page & Mottesi May). Sexually mature P. gracilis leave their (1995). Cope (1872) published on the cave burrows on warm rainy nights but are other- fauna of Wyandotte Cave, while Packard wise seldom found out of their burrows.