h Appltn f nprtr Stttl t n Grph hn Chll h n Shl h lthn f rth ndn ISS 006642 8 IS 82464 00 © . Chll COCES A ECIQUES I MOE GEOGAY o 5 tn f Ct n prnt IE AICAIO QE OAAMEIC SAISICA ESS IM GEOGAY y CATMOGS (Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography) are edited by the o Cosa Quantitative Methods Study Group of the Institute of British Geographers. These guides (oyecic o o oo are both for the teacher, yet cheap enough for students as the basis of classwork. Each CATMOG is written by an author currently working with the technique or concept he describes. COES For details of membership of the Study Group, write to the Institute of British Geographers I IOUCIO 1: Collins, Introduction to Markov chain analysis. 3.00 (i eequisies a emioogy 2: Taylor, Distance decay in spatial interactions. 3.00 (ii ees o measueme 3: Clark, Understanding canonical correlation analysis. 3.00 4: Openshaw, Some theoretical and applied aspects of spatial interaction (iii Saisica eiciecy shopping models. (fiche only) 3.00 5: Unwm, An introduction to trend surface analysis. 3.00 II OE-SAME ESS 6: Johnston, Classification in geography. 3.00 (i e iomia es 7: Goddard & Kirby, An introduction to factor analysis. 3.00 (ii e ci-squae es 8: Daultrey, Principal components analysis. 3.50 9: Davidson, Causal inferences from dichotomous variables. 3.00 (iiie Komogoo-Smio (K-S es 10: Wrigley, Introduction to the use of logit models in geography. 3.00 (i iscussio 11: Hay, Linear programming: elementary geographical applications of the transportation problem. 3.00 III ESS O WO EAE SAMES 12: Thomas, An introduction to quadrat analysis (2nd ed.). 3.00 (i e sig es 13: Thrift, An introduction to time geography. 3.00 14: Tinkler, An introduction to graph theoretical methods in geography. 3.50 (ii e Wicoo es 15: Ferguson, Linear regression in geography. 3.00 (iiie Was es 16: Wrigley, Probability surface mapping. An introduction with examples (i iscussio and FORTRAN programs. (fiche only) 3.00 3.00 17: Dixon & Leach, Sampling methods for geographical research. I ESS ma WO IEEE SAMES 18: Dixon & Leach, Questionnaires and interviews in geographical research. 3.50 19: Gardiner & Gardiner, Analysis of frequency distribution .(fiche only) 3.00 (i e ci-squae es 20: Silk, Analysis of covarience and comparison of regression lines. 3.00 (ii ises eac es 21: Todd, An introduction to the use of simultaneous-equation regression (iiie Ma-Wiey es 3.00 analysis in geography. (i iscussio 22: Pong-wai Lai, Transfer function modelling: relationship between time 3.00 series variables. A ES O EAE SAMES 23: Richards, Stochastic processes in one dimensional series: an introduction. 3.50 (i e iema es 24: Killen, Linear programming: the Simplex method with geographical (ii e oee aeaie yoesis 3.00 applications. (iiiMuie comaisos 25: Gaile & Burt, Directional statistics. 3.00 26: Rich, Potential models in human geography 3.00 (i iscussio 27: Pringle, Causal modelling: the Simon-Blalock approach. 28: 3.00 Bennett, Statistical forecasting. 3.50 29: Dewdney, The British census. (continued inside back cover) I A ES O k IEEE SAMES Ackowesemes I am iee o seea souces o emissio o eouce (i e Kuska-Wais es (ii e oee aeaie yoesis uise saisica aes a aaios om em; o Wiey (iiiMuie comaisos a Sos Ic o Aeices 3 a o 13 icusie McGaw- i o Aeices 5 a e iomeika usees o (i iscussio Aeices 1 a 13 uicaios o Aeices a 7 e II ISCUSSIO Ameica Saisica Associaio o Aeices a 9 Oie a oy o Aei 3 e Isiue o Maemaica IIOGAY Saisicias o Aei 11 a eee aoaoies iisio o AEICES e Ameica Cyami Comay o Aei 5 1 A summay o e oaio use Aso aks ae ue o oe oe o e eame 2 oaiiies associae wi e saa oma o Geogay oya ooway a eo ew Coege Uiesiy isiuio o oo wo kiy ea a commee o e is a o 3 oaiiies associae wi e ci-squae is- is mausci wo aoymous eeees mae iauae iuio suggesios i esec o e om a coe o is mooga 4 Quaies o e K-S saisic Ay emaiig eos o omissios ae o couse e 5 Ciica aues o i e Wicoo mace-ais esosiiiy o e auo aoe sige-aks es eicaio 6 Ciica aues o e Was es 7 Ciica aues o e Ma-Wiey saisic o Caeie 8 Ue ai oaiiies o iemas S saisic 9 Ciica aues o ages saisic 1 Ciica aues o a eames muie com- aisos ase o iema ak sums 11 Ciica aues o e age o k ieee (1 aiaes 1 Ue ai oaiiies o e Kuska-Wais saisic 13 Ciica aues o a eames muie com- aisos ase o Kuska-Wais ak sums 2 3 I IOUCIO is as age as 1 o as sma as 5 iy ee ae siuaios we a eseaces aa may o cosiue umeica eaiey ece eeomes i e ie o Saisics measueme o eame e aa mig e caegoies ike ae ioe may eciques o yoesis esig a o o mae/emae o cosis o oee iems suc as egios ake make imici assumios aou e aue o e ouaios om accoig o ei eceie eeis o oeia migas Ee wic sames ae ee aw Suc saisica ess ae i umeica measueme is aciee o-omaiy makes i eee o as oaameic. aameic ess o e oe iicu o assess e ue ee o sigiicace o aameic a o make suc assumios yicay a sames ae ee es saisics (Cooe 19 I suc siuaios a aw om oma ouaios I a oaameic ess e oaameic om o aaysis may e eeae o o ossess e owe o ei aameic coueas Mao es a escie saisica eciques seciicay (aoi 197 geogaes geeay ee aameic meos o geogaes ocus o e mai a o aameic oms o o aaysis aoug ei aa may o mee e ecessay aaysis (see o eame Kig 199; Coe a Kig 197; Yeaes assumios ueyig suc oceues (ige 197 e geo- 197; Gegoy 197; Sik 1979; Saw a Weee 195 Oe gaica ieaue is omiae y aameic as oose o e emasis is o e comuaioa oceues ioe i oaameic meos o saisica ieece (ice a aw- aameic ess ae a wy a ow ey sou e aie o 19 owee i is uikey a eaioua ai- e ese mooga escies a seies o oaameic ess uia a socio-ecoomic aa gaee i geogaica sueys a ae ikey o ae aicaio i geogaica aayses we o iomaio coece om oicia souces o eame e use o aameic eciques is quesioae o e easos coom o e omaiy assumio as equie y aameic us iscusse o iee imossie ue o e ee o oms o aaysis (Iey 1977 measueme aciee (see Secio I ii e ess ae ius- is is o o say a we a geogaes aa ai o mee ae y a wie aiey o geogaica case suies a emasis e assumios o aameic ess e aeaie sou e e is ace o e sos o aa o wic ey ae aicae a o immeiae use o a aicua oaameic ecique aameic coeyig e aioae ueyig em e comuaioa ess ae e moe oweu om o aaysis i e assumios ocess is eaie i e ueyig em ae me owee ee ae seea isaces auay e coice o ess o icue a o e we e use o aameic eciques is quesioae isy seecie esies aig o ossess uiiy i e coe o aameic -ess o o oe- a wo-sames equie samig geogaica oem soig e oaameic ess escie om oma ouaio(s a i e ae case equaiy o e o e e mos saisicay eicie o ose aaiae ouaio aiaces We sames ae sma as o eame i (see Secio I iii Secios II o I eseciey escie geogaica io suies e eseaces assumio o oaameic ess o oe same wo eae sames a wo omaiy is mos eaae (aock 1979 a is cou ea o ieee sames Secios a I eseciey escie a aacious cocusios Secoy e aameic saisic es o eac o k eae a k ieee sames I ese emoye o es o equaiy o ouaio aiaces a aso ae wo secios ee ae eaie iscussios o e oee use i aaysis o aiace is igy sesiie o eaues aeaie yoesis a muie comaisos oceue om omaiy (Siege a ukey 19; Cosa 19 o associae wi ese ess ese ae o eaue i saa (1953 cie eames weei e sigiicace ee o e geogaica es a ae useu i e geogae wises o ioi sigiica ieeces ewee gous o suy oecs 4 5 o o seek es ewee em Secio II eses a cocue a e oosiio ioe i o is uikey a i is assessme o e ess escie i is mooga i eaio o us eece oaameic ess o so icue e as maoiy o e I is eece a aeaie (o eseac yoesis o ess escie may e eome wiou ecouse o a comue (eoe y i ) is accee i is sea e aeaie oeeess eeece is mae o e wie-agig seecio o yoesis usuay ees o a eec a e eseace wises oaameic ess aaiae i e SSS x (ie e a 193 a o emosae o eame a ieece i cea eecy MIIA comue ackages (ya e a 195 Aso i is ewee wo o moe gous o suy oecs Aeaie secio ece aicaios o oaameic meos o yoeses ae o wo yes oe- o wo-aie A wo-aie muiaiae aayses i geogay ae escie Aei 1 yoesis cosies ay cage i e aue o a aamee e i eses a summay o e maemaica oaio use ougou eie a icease o ecease A oe-aie yoesis ooks is e Saisica aes o e oaameic meos sicy o a icease o aeaiey o a ecease e escie ae o ouse i oe coecio ese ae eeoe seig u o a oe-aie aeaie us ioes moe a ioi coece ogee i Aeices o 13 iomaio a oes a wo-aie aeaie eoe coucig a saisica es e eseace seecs (i eeauisies a emioogy a ee a sigiicace (eoe y a o e es saisic e oy assumios mae y e auo ae a e eae Saisica aes ese e oaiiies o aious es is acquaie wi asic ieas o oaiiy a wokig kowege saisics akig seciic umeica aues ue e assumio o e oma isiuio a Seamas ak coeaio a is ue e ee o sigiicace o a es is e o coeicie Sime a ooug eaaios o ese a oe owes aue o is oaiiy wic wi e oeae eoe o emioogies iscusse i is su-secio ae esee i ecomes so imoae as o e eece e commo aue o a acis (1979 is 5 is meas a i a es saisic akes a aue wose e om o saisica ieece a as eceie mos oaiiy o occuece ue o is ess a oe i wey aeio om eeoes a uses o oaameic saisics is e o is eece i aou o I .