October 6, 2020 u vol. 117 u no. 40 From the Cover 24929 Body growth and dental anomaly in dogs 24634 Metallization of diamond 24735 Antarctic ice shelf damage and instability 24778 Childhood maltreatment and mitochondria 24900 Invasive malaria vector in Africa Contents THIS WEEK IN PNAS—This week’s research highlights Cover image: Pictured is a pair of 24603 In This Issue Shetland Sheepdogs exhibiting the body size variation that occurs within this breed. Sydney R. Abrams et al. AT THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES identified two gene variants in Shetland 24606 Don’t let COVID-19 disrupt campus climate surveys of sexual harassment Sheepdogs that were associated with Kathryn J. Holland, Lilia M. Cortina, Vicki J. Magley, Arielle L. Baker, and Frazier F. Benya both reduced body size and a dental anomaly known as lance canine. One of these variants is a splice site mutation in OPINION—Leading scientists discuss current issues the Growth Hormone 1 gene, which has been implicated in human pituitary 24609 We have been in lockdown, but deforestation has not dwarfism, and both variants were Douglas C. Daly frequent in toy dog breeds but absent from larger breeds. The results suggest QNAS—Interviews with leading scientific researchers and newsmakers that the variants may reduce growth and confer risk for lance canine in dogs. See 24612 QnAs with Carlos Taboada the article by Abrams et al. on pages Tinsley H. Davis 24929–24935. Image credit: Nancy Ager (photographer). COMMENTARIES 24614 Low genetic diversity may be an Achilles heel of SARS-CoV-2 Jason W. Rausch, Adam A. Capoferri, Mary Grace Katusiime, Sean C. Patro, and Mary F. Kearney See companion article on page 23652 in issue 38 of volume 117 24617 Ancient agriculture and climate change on the north coast of Peru Jason Nesbitt See companion article on page 24127 in issue 39 of volume 117 PERSPECTIVE 24620 Reduced development of COVID-19 in children reveals molecular checkpoints gating pathogenesis illuminating potential therapeutics Jonathan Baruch Steinman, Fok Moon Lum, Peggy Pui-Kay Ho, Naftali Kaminski, and Lawrence Steinman LETTERS 24627 Turning to Drosophila for help in resolving general anesthesia Bruno van Swinderen and Adam D. Hines Free online through the PNAS open access option. PNAS u October 6, 2020 u vol. 117 u no. 40 u iii–vii Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 24629 Reply to van Swinderen and Hines: Drosophila model CHEMISTRY establishes the lipid membrane as a target 24679 Computational generation of an annotated gigalibrary of anesthetics of synthesizable, composite peptidic macrocycles Scott B. Hansen, Richard A. Lerner, Mahmud Arif Pavel, Ishika Saha, Eric K. Dang, Dennis Svatunek, Kendall N. Houk, and E. Nicholas Petersen and Patrick G. Harran 24630 Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia 24691 Distinct hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genotypes and was domesticated there: A new insight from result in convergent sarcomeric proteoform parallel studies profiles revealed by top-down proteomics Susanne S. Renner Trisha Tucholski, Wenxuan Cai, Zachery R. Gregorich, 24632 Reply to Renner: Meticulous investigation, not Elizabeth F. Bayne, Stanford D. Mitchell, Sean J. McIlwain, sequencing effort, leads to robust conclusion Willem J. de Lange, Max Wrobbel, Hannah Karp, Zachary Hite, Petr G. Vikhorev, Steven B. Marston, Sean Lal, Amy Li, Cristobal Hideo Matsumura, Min-Chien Hsiao, Ya-Ping Lin, Atsushi dos Remedios, Takushi Kohmoto, Joshua Hermsen, J. Carter Toyoda, Naoki Taniai, Kazuhiko Tarora, Naoya Urasaki, Ralphe, Timothy J. Kamp, Richard L. Moss, and Ying Ge Shashi S. Anand, Narinder P. S. Dhillon, Roland Schafleitner, and Cheng-Ruei Lee 24701 Unraveling nucleation pathway in methane clathrate formation Liwen Li, Jie Zhong, Youguo Yan, Jun Zhang, Jiafang Xu, INAUGURAL ARTICLE Joseph S. Francisco, and Xiao Cheng Zeng 24634 Metallization of diamond 24794 Studies of lincosamide formation complete the Zhe Shi, Ming Dao, Evgenii Tsymbalov, Alexander Shapeev, biosynthetic pathway for lincomycin A Ju Li, and Subra Suresh Shao-An Wang, Chia-I Lin, Jiawei Zhang, Richiro Ushimaru, Eita Sasaki, and Hung-wen Liu BRIEF REPORTS COMPUTER SCIENCES 24640 America’s electorate is increasingly polarized along partisan lines about voting by mail during the 24709 Enabling early detection of osteoarthritis from COVID-19 crisis presymptomatic cartilage texture maps via Mackenzie Lockhart, Seth J. Hill, Jennifer Merolla, Mindy transport-based learning Romero, and Thad Kousser Shinjini Kundu, Beth G. Ashinsky, Mustapha Bouhrara, Erik B. Dam, Shadpour Demehri, Mohammad Shifat-E-Rabbi, 24643 Extraordinary flight performance of the Richard G. Spencer, Kenneth L. Urish, and Gustavo K. Rohde smallest beetles Сергей Фарисенков Sergey E. Farisenkov ( ), Nadejda A. EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES Lapina (НадеждаЛапина), Pyotr N. Petrov (Пётр Петров), and Alexey A. Polilov (Алексей Полилов) 24720 Microbial biomarkers reveal a hydrothermally active landscape at Olduvai Gorge at the dawn of the 24646 Assessing the ecological niche and invasion potential Acheulean, 1.7 Ma of the Asian giant hornet Ainara Sistiaga, Fatima Husain, David Uribelarrea, David M. Gengping Zhu, Javier Gutierrez Illan, Chris Looney, Martı´n-Perea, Troy Ferland, Katherine H. Freeman, Fernando and David W. Crowder Diez-Martı´n, Enrique Baquedano, Audax Mabulla, Manuel 24649 Tree planting has the potential to increase Domı´nguez-Rodrigo, and Roger E. Summons carbon sequestration capacity of forests 24729 The 3.6-Ma aridity and westerlies history over in the United States midlatitude Asia linked with global climatic cooling Grant M. Domke, Sonja N. Oswalt, Brian F. Walters, Xiaomin Fang, Zhisheng An, Steven C. Clemens, Jinbo Zan, and Randall S. Morin Zhengguo Shi, Shengli Yang, and Wenxia Han 24735 Damage accelerates ice shelf instability and mass loss PHYSICAL SCIENCES in Amundsen Sea Embayment Stef Lhermitte, Sainan Sun, Christopher Shuman, Bert Wouters, APPLIED MATHEMATICS Frank Pattyn, Jan Wuite, Etienne Berthier, and Thomas Nagler 24652 Prevalence of neural collapse during the terminal 24742 Localized foundering of Indian lower crust in the phase of deep learning training India–Tibet collision zone Vardan Papyan, X. Y. Han, and David L. Donoho Danian Shi, Simon L. Klemperer, Jianyu Shi, Zhenhan Wu, and Wenjin Zhao APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES – 24664 Tunable layered-magnetism assisted magneto- ENGINEERING Raman effect in a two-dimensional magnet CrI 3 24748 Carbon nitride-based light-driven microswimmers Wencan Jin, Zhipeng Ye, Xiangpeng Luo, Bowen Yang, Gaihua Ye, Fangzhou Yin, Hyun Ho Kim, Laura Rojas, Shangjie Tian, with intrinsic photocharging ability Yang Fu, Shaohua Yan, Hechang Lei, Kai Sun, Adam W. Tsen, Varun Sridhar, Filip Podjaski, Julia Kro¨ger, Alberto Jime´nez- Rui He, and Liuyan Zhao Solano, Byung-Wook Park, Bettina V. Lotsch, and Metin Sitti BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY MATHEMATICS 24670 Stick–slip model for actin-driven cell protrusions, cell 24757 Stable homotopy groups of spheres polarization, and crawling Daniel C. Isaksen, Guozhen Wang, and Zhouli Xu Pierre Sens 25066 Learning probabilistic neural representations with PHYSICS randomly connected circuits 24634 Metallization of diamond Ori Maoz, Gasper Tkacik, Mohamad Saleh Esteki, Roozbeh Zhe Shi, Ming Dao, Evgenii Tsymbalov, Alexander Shapeev, Kiani, and Elad Schneidman Ju Li, and Subra Suresh iv u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 24764 Strain engineering of the charge and spin-orbital 24802 A phenolic small molecule inhibitor of RNase L interactions in Sr2IrO4 prevents cell death from ADAR1 deficiency Eugenio Paris, Yi Tseng, Ekaterina M. Pa¨rschke, Salima Daou, Manisha Talukdar, Jinle Tang, Beihua Dong, Wenliang Zhang, Mary H. Upton, Anna Efimenko, Shuvojit Banerjee, Yize Li, Nicole M. Duffy, Abiodun A. Katharina Rolfs, Daniel E. McNally, Laura Maurel, Muntaser Ogunjimi, Christina Gaughan, Babal K. Jha, Gerald Gish, Naamneh, Marco Caputo, Vladimir N. Strocov, Zhiming Nicolas Tavernier, Daniel Mao, Susan R. Weiss, Hao Huang, Wang, Diego Casa, Christof W. Schneider, Ekaterina Robert H. Silverman, and Frank Sicheri Pomjakushina, Krzysztof Wohlfeld, Milan Radovic, 24813 Chelicerata sDscam isoforms combine homophilic and Thorsten Schmitt specificities to define unique cell recognition Fengyan Zhou, Guozheng Cao, Songjun Dai, Guo Li, Hao Li, SOCIAL SCIENCES Zhu Ding, Shouqing Hou, Bingbing Xu, Wendong You, Gil Wiseglass, Feng Shi, Xiaofeng Yang, Rotem Rubinstein, ANTHROPOLOGY and Yongfeng Jin 24720 Microbial biomarkers reveal a hydrothermally active 24825 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 landscape at Olduvai Gorge at the dawn of the contributes to catalysis-independent quality control Acheulean, 1.7 Ma of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin Ainara Sistiaga, Fatima Husain, David Uribelarrea, David M. Ashlee H. Sun, John R. Collette, and Richard N. Sifers Martı´n-Perea, Troy Ferland, Katherine H. Freeman, Fernando Diez-Martı´n, Enrique Baquedano, Audax Mabulla, Manuel BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Domı´nguez-Rodrigo, and Roger E. Summons 24679 Computational generation of an annotated gigalibrary 24909 Accelerated reproduction is not an adaptive of synthesizable, composite peptidic macrocycles response to early-life adversity in Ishika Saha, Eric K. Dang, Dennis Svatunek, Kendall N. Houk, wild baboons and Patrick G. Harran Chelsea J. Weibel, Jenny Tung, Susan C. Alberts, and Elizabeth A. Archie 24837 Structural determinants of protocadherin-15 mechanics and function in hearing and balance