History of Unix Eugene Nazarenko Hardware and software history (1) ● Mechanical pieces of engineering until 1900s ● Vacuum tubes (1900-1950) ● von Neumann architecture (1945) ● Transistor invented (1948) at Bell Labs ● First transistor computer in 1954 ● Concept of multitasking, system calls and timesharing (early 60s) ● First OSes (early 60s) Hardware and software history (2) ● First microprocessor (1969) ● UNIX (1970, AT&T Bell Labs) ● C language (around 1972) ● UNIX rewritten in C (1973) ● BSD, MS-DOS, Macintosh, QNX (80s) ● FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Linux, OS/2, Windows NT (90s) ● Mac OS X, iOS, Android (00s) Moore’s Law First UNIX “I allocated a week each to the operating system, the shell, the editor, and the assembler… Yeah, essentially one person for a month.” Ken Thompson, one of the first UNIX programmers ● Developed initially for internal usage ● Written in assembly when released in 1971 ● Complicated licensing forbidding selling UNIX ● Used mostly by academia and enterprise ● After 1984, Bell Labs sell UNIX Unix’s Innovations ● Shell tools ● Portable ● Filesystem ● Well-engineered ● Possible to extend and/or improve A Lesson of Unix by Brian Kernighan Dennis Ritchie & Ken Thompson AT&T Unix PC In 1985, being able to sell UNIX, AT&T released their own PC It had up to 4MB of RAM and 348x720 pixel display. Games like Tetris and Pac-Man. TeX, Emacs, Oracle Database, GNU C++ compiler No graphical UI BSD ● Students from University of California, Berkeley, modified UNIX releasing BSD (Berkeley Standard Distribution) ● First version in 1977 ● Evolution of Unix with more features ● Sockets ● 386BSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, etc. ● MacOS used some code from BSD and its derivatives GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) ● An operating system ● Started by Richard Stallman in 1983 ● Widely known and widely used as a set of software ● GPL license ● Linux usually distributed with GNU’s software Richard Stallman BSD vs GPL Licenses ● GPL forces to provide all of your source code that is licensed under GPL ● No matter how you change GPL code, it will always be GPL ● BSD “doesn’t care” if you share your source code ● Different GPL versions ● Modern BSD systems are distributed with BSD-licensed Unix tools (Mac too) ● MIT, Apache, etc. Linux ● First version by Finnish student Linus Torvalds in 1991 ● Still maintained by him ● Developed by >10k programmers and big corporations (Intel, IBM, Samsung...) every year ● Dominates every market except desktop and mobile ● Kernel 150k lines of code, >10mil. drivers ● Debian, RHEL, CentOS, Ubuntu, Gentoo, Arch, Slackware, Fedora, Mint, LFS. Linus Torvalds Other ● Apple ● Microsoft POSIX subsystem ● Windows Services for UNIX ● Windows Subsystem for Linux The End.