History of Eugene Nazarenko Hardware and history (1)

● Mechanical pieces of engineering until 1900s ● Vacuum tubes (1900-1950) ● von Neumann architecture (1945) ● Transistor invented (1948) at ● First transistor computer in 1954 ● Concept of multitasking, system calls and timesharing (early 60s) ● First OSes (early 60s) Hardware and software history (2)

● First (1969) ● UNIX (1970, AT&T Bell Labs) ● language (around 1972) ● UNIX rewritten in C (1973) ● BSD, MS-DOS, Macintosh, QNX (80s) ● FreeBSD, OpenBSD, , OS/2, Windows NT (90s) ● Mac OS X, iOS, Android (00s) Moore’s Law First UNIX

“I allocated a week each to the , the , the editor, and the assembler… Yeah, essentially one person for a month.”

Ken Thompson, one of the first UNIX

● Developed initially for internal usage ● Written in assembly when released in 1971 ● Complicated licensing forbidding selling UNIX ● Used mostly by academia and enterprise ● After 1984, Bell Labs sell UNIX Unix’s Innovations

● Shell tools ● Portable ● Filesystem ● Well-engineered ● Possible to extend and/or improve A Lesson of Unix by & AT&T Unix PC

In 1985, being able to sell UNIX, AT&T released their own PC

It had up to 4MB of RAM and 348x720 pixel display.

Games like Tetris and Pac-Man.

TeX, Emacs, Oracle Database, GNU C++ compiler

No graphical UI BSD

● Students from University of California, Berkeley, modified UNIX releasing BSD (Berkeley Standard Distribution) ● First version in 1977 ● Evolution of Unix with more features ● Sockets ● 386BSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, etc. ● MacOS used some code from BSD and its derivatives GNU (GNU’s Not Unix)

● An operating system ● Started by in 1983 ● Widely known and widely used as a set of software ● GPL license ● Linux usually distributed with GNU’s software Richard Stallman BSD vs GPL Licenses

● GPL forces to provide all of your that is licensed under GPL ● No matter how you change GPL code, it will always be GPL ● BSD “doesn’t care” if you share your source code ● Different GPL versions ● Modern BSD systems are distributed with BSD-licensed Unix tools (Mac too) ● MIT, Apache, etc. Linux

● First version by Finnish student in 1991 ● Still maintained by him ● Developed by >10k programmers and big corporations (Intel, IBM, Samsung...) every year ● Dominates every market except desktop and mobile ● Kernel 150k lines of code, >10mil. drivers

● Debian, RHEL, CentOS, Ubuntu, Gentoo, Arch, Slackware, Fedora, Mint, LFS. Linus Torvalds Other

● Apple

● POSIX subsystem

● Windows Services for UNIX

● Windows Subsystem for Linux The End