Tourism and Development in the Developing World Tourism is widely considered as an effective contributor to socio-economic develop- ment, particularly in less developed countries. However, despite the almost universal adoption of tourism as a developmental option, the extent to which economic and social development inevitably follows the introduction and promotion of a tourism sector remains the subject of intense debate. The purpose of this book, therefore, is to provide an introduction to the tourism–development process. Focusing specifically on the less developed world and drawing on contemporary case studies, it questions many assumptions about the role of tourism in development and, in particular, highlights the dilemmas faced by destinations seeking to achieve development through tourism. An introductory chapter establishes a foundation for the book, exploring the meaning and objectives of development, reviewing theoretical perspectives on the developmental process, and assessing the reasons why less developed countries are attracted to tourism as a development option. The concept of sustainable development, as the most widely adopted contemporary model of development, is then introduced and its links with tourism critically appraised. Subsequent chapters then address key issues related to tourism and development, including: the relationship and interaction between the forces of tourism and globalization; the tourism planning and development process; the relationship between tourism and the communities within which it is developed; the management implications of trends and changes in the demand for and consumption of tourism; and, an analysis of the consequences of tourism development for destination environments, economies and societies. Finally, the issues raised throughout the book are drawn together in a concluding chapter that reviews the tourism and development ‘dilemma’. Combining an overview of essential concepts, theories and knowledge related to tourism and development with an analysis of contemporary issues and debates, the book is a valuable resource for those investigating tourism issues in developing countries. It is also useful for students studying related subjects, including development studies, geography, international relations, politics, sociology and area studies. David J. Telfer is Associate Professor in the Department of Tourism and Environment at Brock University, Canada. His principal research interests include tourism and development theory, linkages between tourism and agriculture, tourism and backward economic linkages and strategic alliances in tourism. Richard Sharpley is Professor of Tourism at the University of Central Lancashire, UK. His principal research interests include tourism and development, rural tourism, island tourism development and the sociology of tourism. Routledge Perspectives on Development Series Editor: Professor Tony Binns, University of Otago The Perspectives on Development series will provide an invaluable, up-to-date and refreshing approach to key development issues for academics and students work- ing in the field of development, in disciplines such as anthropology, economics, geography, international relations, politics and sociology. The series will also be of particular interest to those working in interdisciplinary fields, such as area studies (African, Asian and Latin American Studies), development studies, rural and urban studies, travel and tourism. If you would like to submit a book proposal for the series, please contact Tony Binns on [email protected] Published: An Introduction to Sustainable Third World Cities, 2nd edition Development, 3rd edition David W. Drakakis-Smith Jennifer A. Elliott Rural–Urban Interactions in the Environmental Management and Developing World Development Kenneth Lynch Chris Barrow Children, Youth and Development Gender and Development Nicola Ansell Janet Henshall Momsen Theories and Practices of Development Tourism and Development in the Katie Willis Developing World David J. Telfer and Richard Sharpley Forthcoming: Conflict and Development Cities and Development Andrew Williams and Roger MacGinty Jo Beall Africa: Diversity and Development Health and Development Tony Binns and Alan Dixon Hazel Barrett Economics and Development Studies Local Knowledge, Environment and Michael Tribe, Frederick Nixon and Development Andrew Sumner Tony Binns, Christo Fabricius and Water Resources and Development Etienne Nel Clive Agnew and Philip Woodhouse Participation and Development Global Finance and Development Andrea Cornwall David Hudson Disaster and Development Population and Development Andrew Collins W.T.S. Gould Postcolonialism and Development Southeast Asian Development Cheryl McEwan Andrew McGregor Tourism and Development in the Developing World David J. Telfer and Richard Sharpley First published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2008 David J. Telfer and Richard Sharpley All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sharpley, Richard, 1956– Tourism and development in the developing world / by Richard Sharpley and David J. Telfer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–415–37144–5 (hardcover)—ISBN 978–0–415–37151–3 (softcover)— ISBN 978–0–203–93804–1 (e-book) 1. Tourism—Developing countries. 2. Tourism—Economic aspects—Developing countries. 3. Sustainable development—Developing countries. I. Telfer, David J. II. Title. G155.A1S476 2008 338.4′791091724—dc22 2007025681 ISBN 0-203-93804-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN13: 978–0–415–37144–5 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–37151–3 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–93804–1 (ebk) To Olivia, Rosie, Kyoko and Sakura Contents List of plates viii List of figures x List of tables xi List of boxes xii Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction: tourism in developing countries 1 2 Tourism and sustainable development 30 3 Globalization and tourism 57 4 The tourism planning and development process 80 5 Community response to tourism 115 6 The consumption of tourism 146 7 Assessing the impacts of tourism 174 8 Conclusion: the tourism development dilemma 205 References 233 Index 255 Plates 1.1 Cuba, Varadero: Hotel construction 18 1.2 Tunisia, near Monastir: Hotel construction 18 1.3 Indonesia, Yogyakarta: A woman whose family owns and operates a small hotel returning from a traditional market 20 1.4 China: Tourists on Great Wall of China 21 2.1 South Africa, Dikhololo Resort near Pretoria: Tourists preparing to go on a game-watching outing 41 2.2 Russia, St Petersburg: Code of conduct for tourists visiting the Peter and Paul Fortress 52 3.1 Nassau, Bahamas: Multiple cruise ships in port 68 3.2 Indonesia, Lombok: Sign indicating where a future Holiday Inn will be built 68 4.1 Cuba, Varadero: Beach resort 100 4.2 South Africa, Sun City Resort: Tourists swimming at the man-made beach at the resort 100 4.3 Tunisia, Monastir: Luxury beach resort, Amir Palace Hotel 101 4.4 Indonesia, Lombok: Fisherman-turned-supplier purchases fish in a local fish market for an international hotel 103 4.5 Indonesia, Lombok: Small local fruit and vegetable supplier makes a delivery to the Sheraton Hotel in Sengiggi Beach 104 4.6 Thailand, Bangkok: Tourists visiting the Grand Palace Complex 107 4.7 Tunisia, El Jem: Roman Colosseum 109 5.1 Argentina, Estancia Santa Susana, near Buenos Aires: Tour guide at a historic ranch presents traditional implements 118 Plates • ix 5.2 Indonesia, village of Bangunkerto: The site of community-based agritourism project 125 5.3 Cuba, La Moka Ecolodge 127 5.4 Cuba, Las Terrazas: Located next to La Moka Ecolodge, the community of Las Terrazas is home to some of the people who work in the resort 127 5.5 South Africa, Township near Pretoria: Tourists visit a Township 140 5.6 Indonesia, Lombok: Young women present traditional Sasak weaving 143 6.1 Tunisia, near Matmata: These camels are used to provide rides to tourists 158 6.2 Cuba, Havana: Horse and buggy rides for tourists can be contrasted with the local citizens’ form of transportation 160 6.3 Nassau, Bahamas: Tourists walk through the Prince George Wharf area 161 6.4 South Africa, near Pretoria: Shops selling souvenirs to tourists 171 7.1 Indonesia, Bali: Local entrepreneurs are making dyed textiles 184 7.2 Argentina, Iguazu Falls: A World Heritage Site 186 7.3 Argentina, Estancia Santa Susana, near Buenos Aires: Cultural performance at historic ranch 194 7.4 Indonesia, Bali: Traditional cultural ceremonies 197 8.1 Indonesia, Lombok: Local village very close to main tourist resort area 212 8.2 Indonesia, Kuta Beach Bali: Traditional Balinese ceremony on the beach 227 Figures 1.1 Influences on tourism’s development 3 4.1 The tourism development process 83 6.1 The tourism demand