Herpetology Notes, volume 8: 579-582 (2015) (published online on 06 December 2015) Habitat use and new locality records for Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus (Squamata: Scincidae) from French Polynesia Mozes P.K. Blom Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann is the most geographically Accordingly, I visited eight islands (Fig. 1) across widespread taxon in the family Scincidae. They occur French Polynesia from May 18 until June 19, 2015, within the Ethiopian-Malagasy region, on the Indo- to verify species presence and record habitat use of Australian continent and on many Pacific islands of both C. poecilopleurus. On each island, I walked transects continental and volcanic origin (Ineich and Blanc, 1988; along the beach and where possible further inland, in the Rocha et al., 2006; Horner, 2007; Hayashi et al., 2009). morning and afternoon and collected lizards by hand. Although the broad distribution of Cryptoblepharus On transects, I occasionally stripped away long pieces suggests an ecological generalist, Greer (1989) proposed of bark from Casuarina trees to spot hiding skinks. This that these small (<55 mm snout-vent length), heliotropic was particularly effective for finding Lipinia noctua, and diurnal lizards, are actually adapted to a narrow but did not reveal many Cryptoblepharus. set of ecological parameters or microhabitats. Horner (2007) developed this idea further in his comprehensive overview of the genus and distinguished between species occurring on littoral (‘beach’), arboreal (‘tree’) or saxicolous (‘rock’) substrates. Littoral species of Cryptoblepharus have been characterized as beach-dwelling, intertidal specialists and species have even been observed consuming small crustaceans and polychaetes (Fricke, 1970; Horner, 1984). These coastal lineages are of particular interest since littoral populations might potentially be the source of the vast distribution of the genus and other habitat specialists might derive from such littoral dispersers (i.e. a taxon cycle model (Ricklefs and Bermingham, 2002)). Among all littoral species, Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus has the most extensive distribution, including the majority of islands in the Pacific (Ineich and Blanc, 1988; Horner, 2007). Within the French Polynesian region, these skinks have been recorded on islands that differ in both species richness and habitat complexity (Ineich and Blanc, 1988), providing a promising scenario to examine whether herpetofaunal diversity might induce or reduce alternative habitat use. Figure 1. The islands visited in this study are highlighted with a coloured dot. Green dots represent islands where C. poecilopleurus have been collected and red dots islands that Research School of Biology, The Australian National were visited, but no C. poecilopleurus found. The Austral University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia island of Raivavae, is a new locality record, from which C. Correspondence: [email protected] poecilopleurus has not been observed prior. 580 Mozes P.K. Blom Table 1. Main locality and observation records for C. poecilopleurus on each visited island. (1 Two sympatric colour morphs observed, * 1–2 individuals observed in 1 hour search, ** 3–5 individuals observed in 1 hour search, *** more than 5 individuals observed in 1 hour search). Island Locality Abundance Habitat Sympatry Latitude Longitude Moorea Motu Fareone * Arboreal L. noctua -17.491 -149.918 Raivavae Motu Rani *** Arboreal Emoia sp. -23.878 -147.608 Raivavae Men's rock ** Saxicolous Emoia sp. -23.855 -147.66 Tubuai Mateauta *** Arboreal - -23.344 -149.481 Tubuai Anua *** Arboreal - -23.377 -149.527 Tubuai Mateauta harbour ** Saxicolous - -23.344 -149.478 Rurutu 1 km. south airport *** Arboreal Emoia sp. -22.459 -151.373 Rurutu Hidden beach ** Littoral Emoia sp. -22.461 -151.373 Rangiroa Tapuheitini *** Arboreal Emoia sp. -14.948 -147.686 Rangiroa Motu Paati *** Arboreal Emoia sp. -15.238 -147.716 Fakarava Vaiama Village *** Arboreal L. noctua -16.114 -145.605 Fakarava1 Raimiti *** Arboreal - -16.427 -145.376 Nuku Hiva - - - - - - Hiva Oa - - - - - - ͳ I recorded C. poecilopleurus on six out of eight is likely harder to approach and spot lizards in dense islands, including a new island record (Raivavae), and vegetation, but these lizards seem to strongly favour they were usually common (<10 individuals spotted brightly illuminated spots, which could be an indication within an hour, see Table 1). Whereas littoral habitat of thermal requirements. ͳ use has been extensively described on other islands I only recorded three Cryptoblepharus populations (Canaris and Murphy, 1965; Canaris, 1973; Fricke, that used non-arboreal habitats and in these cases, they 1970; Horner, 1984), I only observed three populations did not exhibit previously described littoral behaviour. of C. poecilopleurus on a non-arboreal substrate and The first observation was on the Austral island of found none that could be described as beach-dwelling Tubuai, where five individuals were spotted on large intertidal specialists. Even though populations were dark boulders that were placed as support for the always observed less than 50 metres from the coast, local harbour. The second observation was on a large most C. poecilopleurus individuals were found on trees limestone rock-face (Raivavae), where approximately of the genus Casuarina or Cocos, adjacent to the beach three individuals scurried between the crevices and and not on the beach itself. ascended, seemingly with ease, a vertical wall. The last Deducing from over 100 observations, the behaviour observation was on the island of Rurutu, where eight of these arboreal populations is reminiscent of individuals were spotted between vegetation and debris Cryptoblepharus in Australia that occur on the same on a pebble beach (Fig. 2a). They remained within close substrate (pers. obs.). Upon approach, these skinks distance to the vegetation adjacent to the beach and were circumvent the tree and escape by moving upwards. not observed within 20 meters of the shoreline. They were active during daytime, if the sun was Intraspecific aggression was incidentally observed, sufficiently bright (i.e. no cloud cover) and mostly with two individuals chasing each other across the base present in patches of full sun light. Areas that had of a tree. This behaviour has been recorded prior (Horner, been cleared by human activity, but where large trees 2007) but it remains unclear whether this is territorial or remained, yielded high numbers of individuals and each sex-specific, since C. poecilopleurus individuals were tree sometimes harboured more than one individual. also frequently observed in close proximity without any This could have been an observation bias, since it form of aggressive behaviour (Fig. 2b). Habitat use and new locality records for Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus 581 surveyed, skinks of the genus Emoia tended to be ground-dwelling, but were sometimes also observed on the same trunk as Cryptoblepharus without exhibiting any form of belligerent behaviour. Given these observations, displacement does not seem directly evident. Thus it is remarkable that C. poecilopleurus populations were only found on trees adjacent to the beach and not further inland (the most inland record was a single juvenile on a Casuarina tree 50 m. from the coast). There did not seem to be a clear change in species diversity or richness on trees further inland, except for the absence of Cryptoblepharus. Specialization in littoral beach dwelling as described for other species of Cryptoblepharus (Fricke, 1970; Horner, 1984) was not observed on the Polynesian islands visited. Most C. poecilopleurus populations recorded, were using an arboreal substrate and often shared trees with other skink species. Nonetheless, all populations were observed on trees in close vicinity to the beach. Given these observations it remains unclear what processes limit the distribution and habitat use of these skinks. If interspecific competition, as recorded on the Solomon islands (McCoy, 2006), does not limit expansion from trees adjacent to the beach to trees further inland, other potential limitations should be considered. One explanation could be that these skinks are potentially restricted in their thermal requirements and require an open habitat with sufficient exposure to bright light. Denser vegetation inland might not provide ample opportunity to optimally thermoregulate, but Figure 2. A) C. poecilopleurus population with (semi-) littoral further research is required. habitat use. Individual photographed at a pebble beach on the island of Rurutu. B) Two C. poecilopleurus individuals Acknowledgements. I thank the National Geographic Society, the observed on arboreal substrate, several Emoia sp. were Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, the Richard B. observed on the same tree (not visible on picture). Gump Station, Jean-Yves Meyer and Craig Moritz for supporting this work. I thank Matthew Fujita and Foteini Spagopoulou for help during the fieldwork and Paul Oliver for helpful suggestions to improve this manuscript. References Three other skink species were observed on these Case, T.J., Bolger, D.T., Petren, K. (1994): Invasions and surveys (Table 1). Of these, Lipinia noctua tends to competitive displacement among house geckos in the tropical occur under bark and be quite secretive. Emoia cyanura, Pacific. Ecology 75: 464–477. uses open habitat and has a high thermal preference Canaris, A.G., Murphy, D.G. (1965): A scincid reptile feeding seemingly similar to C. poecilopleurus. Finally, Emoia primarily